Recent

  • Show all results for ""

🎧 New: AI-Generated Podcasts Turn your study notes into engaging audio conversations. Learn more

Diabetes Mellitus Classifications
40 Questions
0 Views

Diabetes Mellitus Classifications

Created by
@AvidAntigorite229

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which type of diabetes typically presents with acute, classic, and severe symptoms?

  • Gestational Diabetes
  • Prediabetes
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Type 1 Diabetes (correct)

    • What is a common symptom of symptomatic hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes?

  • Blurring of vision
  • Polyuria (correct)
  • Increased energy
  • Weight gain

    • Which of the following is NOT a common sign of asymptomatic hyperglycemia?

  • Weight loss (correct)
  • Hypertension
  • Pruritus vulvae
  • Loss of peripheral sensation

    • What is the renal threshold for glucose, which indicates when glucose appears in the urine?

    <p>180 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to secondary diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Thiazide diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of type 2 diabetes cases are often undiagnosed?

    <p>10-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test method is NOT a diagnostic tool for diabetes?

    <p>Urine testing for glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic sign of insulin resistance?

    <p>Polycystic ovary syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily characterizes Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized factor contributing to Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Congenital rubella infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Type 2 diabetes cases are predominantly insulin resistant?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage involves the activation of autoantibodies in Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Stage III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) falls under which classification of diabetes?

    <p>Primary Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pancreatic defect associated with Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Decreased insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environmental factor proven to trigger Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Congenital rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions would NOT cause secondary diabetes?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)?

    <p>Severe hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a precipitating factor for HHS?

    <p>Excessive physical exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of clinical presentation, how do patients with HHS differ from those with DKA?

    <p>HHS patients display marked dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory findings is indicative of HHS?

    <p>Plasma glucose &gt;600 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line treatment for managing severe HHS?

    <p>Fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the lack of significant ketosis in HHS?

    <p>Adequate insulin to prevent lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is more commonly seen in patients with HHS compared to DKA?

    <p>Focal neurological deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is effective serum osmolality calculated in the context of HHS?

    <p>2 [ serum Na+ (mEq/l) ] + glucose (mg/dl)/18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma glucose value indicates a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) for fasting levels?

    <p>92 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one condition that is NOT part of the low risk criteria for screening gestational diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Positive family history of diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an acceptable blood glucose diagnostic criterion for diabetes during the first trimester?

    <p>Random plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT typically increased during diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triad of symptoms characterizes diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

    <p>Uncontrolled hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, ketosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition should clinicians investigate when DKA occurs in individuals with type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Search for a precipitating factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of obtaining two abnormal test results in the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia?

    <p>It is required for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for individuals with risk factors planning to become pregnant?

    <p>Screen for prediabetes or diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical level of triglycerides in diabetic dyslipidemia?

    <p>More than 150 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is considered the first-line therapy for lowering LDL-C?

    <p>HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended target level for LDL-C in patients with diabetes?

    <p>Less than 100 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of hypertension in Type 1 diabetic patients?

    <p>Diabetic nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best drug for increasing HDL levels?

    <p>Niacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage range for aspirin therapy in diabetic patients with an increased cardiovascular risk?

    <p>75-162 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition often accompanies hypertension in Type 2 diabetic patients?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment options may be included in the management of hypertensive diabetic patients?

    <p>β-blockers and calcium channel blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Primary Diabetes Mellitus includes Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM).
    • Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder resulting in β-cell destruction and insulin deficiency; associated with a genetic predisposition (HLA-DR3/DR4).
    • Type 2 Diabetes results from progressive loss of adequate insulin secretion; often characterized by:
      • 80% with insulin resistance (typically obese).
      • 20% with insulin secretory defects (often non-obese).
    • Secondary Diabetes arises from external conditions such as:
      • Pancreatic diseases (e.g., pancreatitis, neoplasia, hemochromatosis).
      • Endocrinopathies (e.g., acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome).
      • Drug-induced effects (e.g., corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics).

    Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Type 1 Diabetes involves six stages:
      • Genetic Susceptibility confirmed by HLA typing.
      • Environmental Triggers like viral infections (e.g., congenital rubella).
      • Immune Activation leading to autoimmune insulitis.
      • Progressive Loss of insulin secretion occurs over time.
      • Overt Diabetes develops after significant β-cell dysfunction.
      • Endless Beta Cell Failure diagnosed by low insulin and C-peptide levels.
    • Type 2 Diabetes caused by combined insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion.
      • Major risk factors include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, and stress.
      • Leads to defects in pancreatic insulin secretion and target tissue action.

    Symptomatic Hyperglycemia

    • Acute Classic Symptoms:
      • Polyuria: Excessive urination > 2.5 liters/day.
      • Polydipsia: Increased thirst due to dehydration.
      • Polyphagia: Increased hunger due to cellular starvation.
      • Weight loss due to fluid loss and increased catabolism.
    • Subacute Presentation:
      • Thirst, weight loss, lack of energy, blurred vision, balanitis.

    Asymptomatic Hyperglycemia

    • Commonly identified in Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes.
    • May present during routine tests or chronic complications.
    • Signs can include pruritus, peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, and insulin resistance indicators.

    Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

    • One-third of cases remain undiagnosed; significant vascular complications may be present in 10-20% of cases.
    • Confirm diabetes via increased blood glucose levels or A1C.
    • Urine testing for glycosuria is not a diagnostic tool; requires blood glucose confirmation.

    Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Diagnosis

    • Criteria include:
      • Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 92 mg/dL.
      • 1-hour plasma glucose ≥ 180 mg/dL.
      • 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 153 mg/dL.
    • Screening recommended for high-risk pregnant women before 15 weeks of gestation.

    Acute Diabetic Complications

    • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA):
      • Triad of hyperglycemia, high ketones, and metabolic acidosis.
      • More common in Type 1 Diabetes but can occur in Type 2 under stress.
    • Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS):
      • Severe hyperglycemia and dehydration without significant ketosis.
      • Precipitated by infection, physical stress, or water intake restrictions.

    Treatment Objectives for DKA

    • Goals include improving circulation, correcting electrolytes, providing insulin, and managing complications.
    • Fluid Therapy is the first line of treatment for volume replacement.

    Diabetic Dyslipidemia

    • Characterized by increased triglycerides, low HDL, and possible increased small dense LDL particles.
    • Treatment targets include LDL levels < 100 mg/dL, with statins as first-line therapy for lowering LDL.

    Hypertension and Diabetes

    • Hypertension linked to diabetes increases risks of nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases.
    • Initial treatment goals for hypertensive diabetic patients target systolic at ≤ 130 mmHg and diastolic at ≤ 80 mmHg.
    • Common treatment options include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics.

    Antiplatelet Therapy Recommendations

    • Aspirin is recommended for primary and secondary prevention in diabetic patients at elevated cardiovascular risk.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Diabetes handout 2024 .pdf

    Description

    Explore the different types of diabetes mellitus in this quiz. Learn about primary diabetes, including Type 1 and Type 2, and the various mechanisms behind these conditions. Additionally, discover the secondary forms of diabetes and their causes.

    More Quizzes Like This

    Classification 1
    28 questions

    Classification 1

    gs2PL avatar
    gs2PL
    Diabetes Types: Understanding Type 1 and Type 2
    16 questions

    Diabetes Types: Understanding Type 1 and Type 2

    QuickerDatePalm avatar
    QuickerDatePalm
    Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 vs Type 2
    40 questions

    Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 vs Type 2

    ImpartialBowenite9159 avatar
    ImpartialBowenite9159
    Diabetes Types: Type 1 and Type 2 Overview
    5 questions

    Diabetes Types: Type 1 and Type 2 Overview

    SmootherRuthenium avatar
    SmootherRuthenium
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser