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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of glyburide in relation to its pharmacological action?
What is a characteristic of glyburide in relation to its pharmacological action?
Which adverse reaction is commonly associated with the use of glyburide?
Which adverse reaction is commonly associated with the use of glyburide?
What is the primary condition for which glyburide is indicated?
What is the primary condition for which glyburide is indicated?
How is glyburide primarily eliminated from the body?
How is glyburide primarily eliminated from the body?
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Which of the following can glyburide be combined with for greater effectiveness in treating Type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following can glyburide be combined with for greater effectiveness in treating Type 2 diabetes?
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What is the primary purpose of insulin therapy in diabetes management?
What is the primary purpose of insulin therapy in diabetes management?
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Which type of diabetes is characterized by pancreatic beta-cell destruction?
Which type of diabetes is characterized by pancreatic beta-cell destruction?
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What is a common complication associated with inadequate insulin replacement?
What is a common complication associated with inadequate insulin replacement?
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What is the role of GLP-1 agonists in diabetes treatment?
What is the role of GLP-1 agonists in diabetes treatment?
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In managing hypoglycemia, which of the following interventions is recommended?
In managing hypoglycemia, which of the following interventions is recommended?
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Which of the following is a complication of chronic diabetes?
Which of the following is a complication of chronic diabetes?
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When is intensive glycemic control recommended?
When is intensive glycemic control recommended?
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Which of the following represents a major cause of Type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following represents a major cause of Type 2 diabetes?
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How does exercise impact blood glucose management in diabetes?
How does exercise impact blood glucose management in diabetes?
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What is a primary characteristic of gestational diabetes?
What is a primary characteristic of gestational diabetes?
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What should be monitored to manage insulin therapy effectively?
What should be monitored to manage insulin therapy effectively?
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Which of the following medications is classified as an oral antidiabetic agent?
Which of the following medications is classified as an oral antidiabetic agent?
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What condition is typically characterized by severe hyperglycemia and dehydration?
What condition is typically characterized by severe hyperglycemia and dehydration?
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Which administration method is the standard mode for insulin therapy?
Which administration method is the standard mode for insulin therapy?
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In terms of insulin absorption, what factors can influence the rate of absorption?
In terms of insulin absorption, what factors can influence the rate of absorption?
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What is the primary function of Biguanides in diabetes treatment?
What is the primary function of Biguanides in diabetes treatment?
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Which medication category stimulates the pancreas to increase insulin production?
Which medication category stimulates the pancreas to increase insulin production?
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Which of the following drugs is approved as a first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following drugs is approved as a first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes?
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What is the most dangerous complication associated with insulin therapy?
What is the most dangerous complication associated with insulin therapy?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hypoglycemia?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hypoglycemia?
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How do GLP-1 agonists primarily assist in diabetes management?
How do GLP-1 agonists primarily assist in diabetes management?
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What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of Metformin?
What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of Metformin?
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Which of the following conditions make Sulfonylureas contraindicated?
Which of the following conditions make Sulfonylureas contraindicated?
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Which auxiliary diseases can cause insulin resistance?
Which auxiliary diseases can cause insulin resistance?
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Which form of administration is NOT typically associated with insulin delivery?
Which form of administration is NOT typically associated with insulin delivery?
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What effect does exercise have on insulin absorption?
What effect does exercise have on insulin absorption?
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What is the primary risk associated with overly vigorous physical exertion in insulin users?
What is the primary risk associated with overly vigorous physical exertion in insulin users?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Mellitus
- Chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, due to either the inability to produce insulin or the body's inability to use produced insulin.
- Normal blood glucose levels are below 5.6 in fasting state, and between 6.7-7.8 2 hours after a meal.
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes (Insulin Dependent)
- Characterized by pancreatic beta cell destruction, leading to insulin deficiency.
- Affects approximately 5-10% of people with diabetes.
- Typically develops before age 30.
Type 2 Diabetes (Non-Insulin Dependent)
- Characterized by pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, leading to insulin resistance.
- Affects approximately 90% of individuals with diabetes.
- Typically develops after age 40 and often associated with obesity.
- Other causes include pancreatitis and drug therapy.
- Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes during pregnancy, affecting approximately 10% of pregnancies, linked to placental hormones and insulin resistance.
Complications of Diabetes
Acute Complications
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): Caused by insufficient insulin levels, leading to high blood ketone levels and potentially life-threatening consequences. Treatment involves intravenous insulin administration.
- Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS): A severe complication of type 2 diabetes, characterized by extremely high blood sugar and dehydration. Slow rehydration and restoration of electrolyte balance are necessary.
Chronic Complications
- Chronic kidney disease
- Foot problems
- Retinopathy
- Nerve damage
- Cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke, and coronary artery disease)
Benefits of Controlling Blood Glucose
- Slows the progression of diabetic complications, including eye, kidney, and nerve diseases.
Treatment of Diabetes
- Nutrition, exercise, and medication are crucial for managing blood glucose.
- Self-monitoring of blood glucose is essential for managing diabetes.
- The choice of treatment depends on the type and severity of diabetes. Oral medications may be used for type 2 diabetes, whereas individuals with type 1 diabetes typically require insulin therapy.
- Treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes may include lifestyle changes alongside medication, such as oral hypoglycemic agents.
Insulin Therapy
- Necessary for type 1 diabetes and sometimes for type 2 diabetes when other approaches are insufficient.
- Methods include subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular injections, as well as insulin pumps and alternative methods like transdermal devices, and oral formulations that resist digestion in the stomach.
- Absorption of insulin is affected by the site of injection, depth of injection, and patient-specific factors.
Complications of Insulin Therapy
- Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar): The most dangerous complication, often caused by excessive insulin doses or unusual exertion. Symptoms include palpitations, sweating, tremors, and hunger.
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
- Used for type 2 diabetes in situations where diet and exercise aren't enough.
- Five main categories: Biguanides, Insulin Secretagogues, GLP-1 agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors, each with different mechanisms of action and potential side effects.
Meglitinides
- Short-acting insulin secretagogues.
- Similar function to sulfonylureas but have a shorter duration of action.
- May be combined with other medications, like metformin.
Glucagon-Like Polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonists
- Increase insulin secretion and reduce glucagon secretion, leading to better glucose control.
- Given as injections.
- Potential side effects include nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit the enzyme that breaks down GLP-1, thereby increasing GLP-1 levels and improving glucose control.
- Administered orally.
Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing glucose excretion in urine.
- May have potential side effects like increased urination and risk of dehydration.
Combination Therapy
- Often a necessary approach in managing type 2 diabetes when a single medication isn't sufficient.
Other Drugs in Diabetes Management
- Used as preventative medications, including statins and ACE inhibitors.
Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
| Feature | Type 1 | Type 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Abnormality | Beta cell destruction, insulin deficiency | Beta cell dysfunction, insulin resistance |
| Incidence | Less common (~5-10%) | More common (~90%) |
| Age of Onset | Usually before age 30 | Usually after age 40 |
| Etiology | Often autoimmune | Multifactorial |
| Body Weight | Low | Often overweight/obese |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | More common | Less common |
| Treatment | Primarily insulin | Primarily oral hypoglycemics, potential insulin |
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Description
Explore the types and characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus in this quiz. Learn about Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, their causes, and how they affect the body. Test your knowledge on blood glucose levels and the impact of insulin resistance.
