Podcast
Questions and Answers
Diabetes is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States.
Diabetes is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States.
True
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose and disordered insulin metabolism.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose and disordered insulin metabolism.
True
Individuals with diabetes may experience impaired insulin secretion or cells that do not respond to insulin normally.
Individuals with diabetes may experience impaired insulin secretion or cells that do not respond to insulin normally.
True
Classic symptoms of diabetes include glycosuria, polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia.
Classic symptoms of diabetes include glycosuria, polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia.
Signup and view all the answers
Non-fasting plasma glucose levels greater than 200 mg/dL along with classic symptoms can be indicative of diabetes.
Non-fasting plasma glucose levels greater than 200 mg/dL along with classic symptoms can be indicative of diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
A fasting glucose level greater than 126 mg/dL strongly suggests diabetes.
A fasting glucose level greater than 126 mg/dL strongly suggests diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
Plasma glucose levels exceeding 200 mg/dL two hours after a 75 gram glucose load are consistent with a diagnosis of diabetes.
Plasma glucose levels exceeding 200 mg/dL two hours after a 75 gram glucose load are consistent with a diagnosis of diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases.
Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases.
Signup and view all the answers
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.
Signup and view all the answers
The sole treatment for Type 1 diabetes is insulin therapy.
The sole treatment for Type 1 diabetes is insulin therapy.
Signup and view all the answers
Type 2 diabetes is often asymptomatic.
Type 2 diabetes is often asymptomatic.
Signup and view all the answers
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by some insulin production, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency.
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by some insulin production, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency.
Signup and view all the answers
Beta cells become exhausted in type 2 diabetes.
Beta cells become exhausted in type 2 diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing in children.
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing in children.
Signup and view all the answers
Acute diabetic complications are short-term and often resolve on their own or with medication.
Acute diabetic complications are short-term and often resolve on their own or with medication.
Signup and view all the answers
Chronic diabetic complications are long-term and may not disappear, even with medication.
Chronic diabetic complications are long-term and may not disappear, even with medication.
Signup and view all the answers
Ketoacidosis is a serious acute complication of type 1 diabetes characterized by high blood sugar levels.
Ketoacidosis is a serious acute complication of type 1 diabetes characterized by high blood sugar levels.
Signup and view all the answers
Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low.
Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low.
Signup and view all the answers
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is a serious acute complication of type 2 diabetes characterized by extreme dehydration.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is a serious acute complication of type 2 diabetes characterized by extreme dehydration.
Signup and view all the answers
Chronic complications of diabetes include damage to large blood vessels, small blood vessels, and nerves.
Chronic complications of diabetes include damage to large blood vessels, small blood vessels, and nerves.
Signup and view all the answers
Accelerated atherosclerosis, impaired circulation, and foot ulcers can result from damage to large blood vessels.
Accelerated atherosclerosis, impaired circulation, and foot ulcers can result from damage to large blood vessels.
Signup and view all the answers
Retinopathy and nephropathy are chronic complications that result from damage to small blood vessels.
Retinopathy and nephropathy are chronic complications that result from damage to small blood vessels.
Signup and view all the answers
Nerve damage can cause pain, burning, numbness, tingling, loss of sensation, and delayed stomach emptying.
Nerve damage can cause pain, burning, numbness, tingling, loss of sensation, and delayed stomach emptying.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals with diabetes need lifelong treatment.
Individuals with diabetes need lifelong treatment.
Signup and view all the answers
The goal of diabetes treatment is to achieve desirable blood glucose levels, healthy blood lipid concentrations, controlled blood pressure, and weight management.
The goal of diabetes treatment is to achieve desirable blood glucose levels, healthy blood lipid concentrations, controlled blood pressure, and weight management.
Signup and view all the answers
Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels is an important aspect of diabetes management, especially for individuals with type 1 diabetes.
Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels is an important aspect of diabetes management, especially for individuals with type 1 diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes are typically overweight.
Individuals newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes are typically overweight.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals with type 1 diabetes usually gain weight with insulin therapy.
Individuals with type 1 diabetes usually gain weight with insulin therapy.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are typically thin.
Individuals newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are typically thin.
Signup and view all the answers
Weight loss is beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Weight loss is beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
A diet high in fiber and whole grains is recommended for individuals with diabetes.
A diet high in fiber and whole grains is recommended for individuals with diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals with diabetes should minimize foods and drinks with added sugars.
Individuals with diabetes should minimize foods and drinks with added sugars.
Signup and view all the answers
Protein should make up 15-20% of total calorie intake in a diabetes-friendly diet.
Protein should make up 15-20% of total calorie intake in a diabetes-friendly diet.
Signup and view all the answers
A low-fat diet with limited saturated fat is recommended for individuals with diabetes.
A low-fat diet with limited saturated fat is recommended for individuals with diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
A moderate intake of alcohol is generally considered safe for individuals with diabetes.
A moderate intake of alcohol is generally considered safe for individuals with diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
Insulin therapy is used for individuals who can't produce enough insulin, such as those with type 1 diabetes and some individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Insulin therapy is used for individuals who can't produce enough insulin, such as those with type 1 diabetes and some individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
Insulin is primarily given through sub-q injections using syringes, insulin pens, or insulin pumps.
Insulin is primarily given through sub-q injections using syringes, insulin pens, or insulin pumps.
Signup and view all the answers
Oral antidiabetic medications work by improving insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon secretion, decreasing insulin resistance, or delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption.
Oral antidiabetic medications work by improving insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon secretion, decreasing insulin resistance, or delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption.
Signup and view all the answers
Regular physical activity is a key component of diabetes management, especially for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Regular physical activity is a key component of diabetes management, especially for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals with type 2 diabetes need a medical evaluation before starting a physical activity program.
Individuals with type 2 diabetes need a medical evaluation before starting a physical activity program.
Signup and view all the answers
Pregnancy can increase insulin resistance and the need for insulin.
Pregnancy can increase insulin resistance and the need for insulin.
Signup and view all the answers
Uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy can lead to miscarriages, birth defects, and fetal deaths.
Uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy can lead to miscarriages, birth defects, and fetal deaths.
Signup and view all the answers
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy.
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy.
Signup and view all the answers
About 7% of non-diabetic women develop gestational diabetes during their pregnancy.
About 7% of non-diabetic women develop gestational diabetes during their pregnancy.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals with type 2 diabetes often deliver large babies.
Individuals with type 2 diabetes often deliver large babies.
Signup and view all the answers
Women with type 2 diabetes may require a C-section during delivery.
Women with type 2 diabetes may require a C-section during delivery.
Signup and view all the answers
Glycemic control is crucial throughout pregnancy, especially during the first trimester to reduce the risk of birth defects.
Glycemic control is crucial throughout pregnancy, especially during the first trimester to reduce the risk of birth defects.
Signup and view all the answers
During the second and third trimesters, glycemic control is important for minimizing the risk of large babies and infant mortality.
During the second and third trimesters, glycemic control is important for minimizing the risk of large babies and infant mortality.
Signup and view all the answers
Risk factors for gestational diabetes include a family history of diabetes, obesity, certain ethnic groups, and having delivered babies weighing over 9 pounds.
Risk factors for gestational diabetes include a family history of diabetes, obesity, certain ethnic groups, and having delivered babies weighing over 9 pounds.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals with gestational diabetes may need to restrict carbohydrate intake to 40-45% of total calories.
Individuals with gestational diabetes may need to restrict carbohydrate intake to 40-45% of total calories.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals with gestational diabetes should space their carbohydrate intake evenly throughout the day.
Individuals with gestational diabetes should space their carbohydrate intake evenly throughout the day.
Signup and view all the answers
Regular aerobic activity is recommended for individuals with gestational diabetes.
Regular aerobic activity is recommended for individuals with gestational diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
Some individuals with gestational diabetes may require insulin therapy.
Some individuals with gestational diabetes may require insulin therapy.
Signup and view all the answers
Coronary heart disease is the most common form of cardiovascular disease.
Coronary heart disease is the most common form of cardiovascular disease.
Signup and view all the answers
Atherosclerosis is a condition that causes the arteries to thicken due to the buildup of plaque.
Atherosclerosis is a condition that causes the arteries to thicken due to the buildup of plaque.
Signup and view all the answers
Atherosclerosis can occur due to minimal but chronic injuries that damage the inner arterial wall.
Atherosclerosis can occur due to minimal but chronic injuries that damage the inner arterial wall.
Signup and view all the answers
Ischemia occurs when there is a lack of oxygen and nutrients to a tissue.
Ischemia occurs when there is a lack of oxygen and nutrients to a tissue.
Signup and view all the answers
Angina pectoris and heart attack are serious consequences of coronary artery ischemia.
Angina pectoris and heart attack are serious consequences of coronary artery ischemia.
Signup and view all the answers
Stroke is a serious condition that occurs when there is a lack of blood flow to the brain.
Stroke is a serious condition that occurs when there is a lack of blood flow to the brain.
Signup and view all the answers
Aneurysms are sac-like bulges in the walls of blood vessels that can rupture and cause bleeding.
Aneurysms are sac-like bulges in the walls of blood vessels that can rupture and cause bleeding.
Signup and view all the answers
A thrombus is a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel.
A thrombus is a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel.
Signup and view all the answers
An embolism occurs when a thrombus breaks free and travels through the bloodstream, blocking a blood vessel.
An embolism occurs when a thrombus breaks free and travels through the bloodstream, blocking a blood vessel.
Signup and view all the answers
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include inflammation and infection, shear stress or hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, aging, elevated LDL and VLDL cholesterol, and gender.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include inflammation and infection, shear stress or hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, aging, elevated LDL and VLDL cholesterol, and gender.
Signup and view all the answers
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.
Signup and view all the answers
Non-modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease include age, male gender, and family history.
Non-modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease include age, male gender, and family history.
Signup and view all the answers
Modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease include smoking, high LDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and inactivity.
Modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease include smoking, high LDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and inactivity.
Signup and view all the answers
Central obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, and an atherogenic diet are all modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Central obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, and an atherogenic diet are all modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Signup and view all the answers
Lifestyle changes for coronary heart disease include a cholesterol-lowering diet, weight reduction, regular physical activity, decreasing saturated fat intake, decreasing total fat intake, decreasing trans fat, increasing soluble fiber intake, eating soy products, increasing fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake, and moderate alcohol consumption.
Lifestyle changes for coronary heart disease include a cholesterol-lowering diet, weight reduction, regular physical activity, decreasing saturated fat intake, decreasing total fat intake, decreasing trans fat, increasing soluble fiber intake, eating soy products, increasing fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake, and moderate alcohol consumption.
Signup and view all the answers
Mild hypertriglyceridemia can be managed through weight reduction, physical activity, quitting smoking, avoiding refined carbohydrates, and restricting alcohol intake.
Mild hypertriglyceridemia can be managed through weight reduction, physical activity, quitting smoking, avoiding refined carbohydrates, and restricting alcohol intake.
Signup and view all the answers
Severe hypertriglyceridemia requires more aggressive intervention, including weight reduction, physical activity, a very low-fat diet, and medication.
Severe hypertriglyceridemia requires more aggressive intervention, including weight reduction, physical activity, a very low-fat diet, and medication.
Signup and view all the answers
There is conclusive research indicating that vitamin supplements are effective in preventing cardiovascular disease.
There is conclusive research indicating that vitamin supplements are effective in preventing cardiovascular disease.
Signup and view all the answers
There are currently no recommendations for taking supplemental antioxidants or B vitamins to prevent cardiovascular disease.
There are currently no recommendations for taking supplemental antioxidants or B vitamins to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Signup and view all the answers
Statins are a class of drugs that reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver.
Statins are a class of drugs that reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver.
Signup and view all the answers
Bile acid sequestrants work by reducing the absorption of cholesterol and bile acids in the small intestine.
Bile acid sequestrants work by reducing the absorption of cholesterol and bile acids in the small intestine.
Signup and view all the answers
Nicotinic acid primarily lowers triglyceride levels and raises HDL cholesterol levels.
Nicotinic acid primarily lowers triglyceride levels and raises HDL cholesterol levels.
Signup and view all the answers
Anticoagulants and aspirin work by suppressing blood clotting.
Anticoagulants and aspirin work by suppressing blood clotting.
Signup and view all the answers
Nitroglycerin is a medication that is prescribed to treat angina.
Nitroglycerin is a medication that is prescribed to treat angina.
Signup and view all the answers
Treatment for heart attack includes drug therapy, such as thrombolytics, anticoagulants, aspirin, painkillers, blood pressure medications, and rhythm stabilizers; cardiac rehabilitation; and dietary changes like avoiding solid food until stable, consuming soft foods, limiting sodium intake, reducing saturated and cholesterol intake.
Treatment for heart attack includes drug therapy, such as thrombolytics, anticoagulants, aspirin, painkillers, blood pressure medications, and rhythm stabilizers; cardiac rehabilitation; and dietary changes like avoiding solid food until stable, consuming soft foods, limiting sodium intake, reducing saturated and cholesterol intake.
Signup and view all the answers
Hypertension affects about one in three adults in the United States.
Hypertension affects about one in three adults in the United States.
Signup and view all the answers
A desirable blood pressure reading is below 120/80 mmHg.
A desirable blood pressure reading is below 120/80 mmHg.
Signup and view all the answers
Pre-hypertension is characterized by blood pressure readings between 120-139/80-89 mmHg.
Pre-hypertension is characterized by blood pressure readings between 120-139/80-89 mmHg.
Signup and view all the answers
Hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure readings are consistently above 140/90 mmHg.
Hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure readings are consistently above 140/90 mmHg.
Signup and view all the answers
Contributing factors to hypertension include aging, genetics, obesity, salt sensitivity, and excessive alcohol consumption.
Contributing factors to hypertension include aging, genetics, obesity, salt sensitivity, and excessive alcohol consumption.
Signup and view all the answers
Obesity can alter kidney function and promote fluid retention, contributing to hypertension.
Obesity can alter kidney function and promote fluid retention, contributing to hypertension.
Signup and view all the answers
Salt sensitivity affects 30-50% of individuals with hypertension.
Salt sensitivity affects 30-50% of individuals with hypertension.
Signup and view all the answers
Consuming three or more alcoholic drinks daily can contribute to hypertension.
Consuming three or more alcoholic drinks daily can contribute to hypertension.
Signup and view all the answers
A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, low-fat milk, potassium, calcium, and magnesium can help lower blood pressure.
A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, low-fat milk, potassium, calcium, and magnesium can help lower blood pressure.
Signup and view all the answers
The DASH diet is a dietary approach that emphasizes limiting red meat, sweets, sugar-containing beverages, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake.
The DASH diet is a dietary approach that emphasizes limiting red meat, sweets, sugar-containing beverages, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake.
Signup and view all the answers
Weight reduction, a low-sodium diet, a diet rich in potassium, calcium, and magnesium, regular physical activity, moderate alcohol consumption, and drug therapy are all important components of treating hypertension.
Weight reduction, a low-sodium diet, a diet rich in potassium, calcium, and magnesium, regular physical activity, moderate alcohol consumption, and drug therapy are all important components of treating hypertension.
Signup and view all the answers
Lifestyle modifications for blood pressure reduction include maintaining a healthy body weight, adopting the DASH eating plan, restricting sodium intake, engaging in regular physical activity, and limiting alcohol consumption.
Lifestyle modifications for blood pressure reduction include maintaining a healthy body weight, adopting the DASH eating plan, restricting sodium intake, engaging in regular physical activity, and limiting alcohol consumption.
Signup and view all the answers
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the veins and tissues.
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the veins and tissues.
Signup and view all the answers
Consequences of congestive heart failure include fluid accumulation in the liver, abdomen, and lower extremities; chest pain; swelling of the legs, ankles, and feet; shortness of breath; and impaired liver and kidney function.
Consequences of congestive heart failure include fluid accumulation in the liver, abdomen, and lower extremities; chest pain; swelling of the legs, ankles, and feet; shortness of breath; and impaired liver and kidney function.
Signup and view all the answers
Treatment for congestive heart failure includes sodium and fluid restrictions, diuretics, small frequent meals, vaccination against influenza and pneumonia, adequate fiber intake, avoiding alcohol, and liquid supplements, tube feeding, or parenteral support as needed.
Treatment for congestive heart failure includes sodium and fluid restrictions, diuretics, small frequent meals, vaccination against influenza and pneumonia, adequate fiber intake, avoiding alcohol, and liquid supplements, tube feeding, or parenteral support as needed.
Signup and view all the answers
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States.
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States.
Signup and view all the answers
Stroke can be ischemic, hemorrhagic, or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
Stroke can be ischemic, hemorrhagic, or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
Signup and view all the answers
Stroke prevention includes recognizing risk factors and making lifestyle changes.
Stroke prevention includes recognizing risk factors and making lifestyle changes.
Signup and view all the answers
Treatment for stroke may include thrombolytic drugs to dissolve blood clots, maintaining adequate nutrition, and addressing problems like lack of coordination and difficulty swallowing.
Treatment for stroke may include thrombolytic drugs to dissolve blood clots, maintaining adequate nutrition, and addressing problems like lack of coordination and difficulty swallowing.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Diabetes Mellitus
- Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels.
- A significant portion of the US adult population (10.2%) has diabetes.
- 24 million people have diabetes and 25% are unaware.
- Diabetes is the 6th leading cause of death.
- Diabetes contributes to heart disease and kidney failure.
Diabetes Symptoms
- Damage can occur before symptoms.
- Classic symptoms include glycosuria (high glucose in urine), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), and polyphagia (excessive hunger).
- Other symptoms include blurred vision, increased infections, weight loss, and constant fatigue.
Diabetes Diagnosis
- Non-fasting plasma glucose >200 mg/dL with classic symptoms.
- Fasting glucose level >126 mg/dL.
- Plasma glucose 2 hours after a 75gm glucose load >200 mg/dL.
Types of Diabetes
- Type 1 accounts for 5-10% of cases.
- It is an autoimmune disorder, where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas.
- It can be inherited or environmental
- Type 2 accounts for the majority of cases and is often asymptomatic.
- It involves insulin resistance and/or a deficiency in insulin production by the beta cells.
- Increased risk with obesity, age, lack of physical activity, and genetics.
Acute Complications
- Disturbances in energy metabolism.
- Fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
- Hyper- and hypoglycemia.
- Ketoacidosis (type 1) involves ketones in the breath and excessive acidity.
- Hypoglycemia (type 1) involves low blood sugar levels.
Chronic Complications
- Large blood vessels: accelerated atherosclerosis, impaired circulation, and foot ulcers.
- Small blood vessels: retinopathy and nephropathy.
- Nerve damage: pain, numbness, tingling, delayed stomach emptying, sexual dysfunction, and constipation.
Treatment Goals
- Desirable blood glucose levels.
- Healthy blood lipid concentrations.
- Control blood pressure.
- Manage weight.
Evaluating Treatment
- Self-monitoring glucose testing, especially for type 1 (3 or more times/day).
- Routine blood pressure checks.
- Lipid screening.
- Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to assess long-term glycemic control (measured every 2-3 months).
- Ketone testing.
Body Weight Concerns
- Type 1 diabetes: newly diagnosed individuals are typically thin, but insulin therapy often leads to weight gain.
- Type 2 diabetes: newly diagnosed individuals are usually overweight and, with insulin therapy, weight loss is good.
Nutrient Recommendations
- Carbohydrates: high fiber and whole grains.
- Fiber: as recommended for the general population.
- Sugar: minimize foods and drinks with added sugars.
- Protein: 15-20% of total calories.
- Fat: less than 2% of total calories with saturated fats less than 7%. Cholesterol: <200mg/day, eat 2 or more servings of fish per week.
- Alcohol: use with food.
- Micronutrients: same as the general population.
Meal-Planning Strategies
- Carbohydrate counting: simpler and more flexible than other methods.
- Exchange lists: more complex and difficult to learn.
Insulin Therapy
- For people unable to produce enough insulin (type 1 diabetes, or some type 2). Methods of delivery include sub-q injections, pens, and pumps.
Oral Antidiabetic Management
- Improves insulin secretion.
- Suppresses glucagon secretion.
- Decreases insulin resistance.
- Delays carbohydrate digestion and absorption.
Physical Activity
- Central feature for type 2 diabetes management.
- Improves insulin sensitivity and reduces insulin doses.
- Improves lipid levels and blood pressure, promotes weight loss.
- Evaluation required before starting a physical activity program to assess suitability.
Diabetes, Pregnancy & Gestational Diabetes
- Pregnancy increases insulin resistance and needs for insulin.
- Glycemic control is more challenging.
- Gestational diabetes develops in 7% of non-diabetic women during pregnancy.
- Management involves carbohydrate restriction, space carbohydrates throughout the day, and regular aerobic activity. Insulin therapy may be needed.
Cardiovascular Disease
- Coronary heart disease: most common form caused by atherosclerosis and decreased blood flow. Myocardial infarction (MI) and strokes result from reduced blood flow to the heart and brain, respectively.
- Atherosclerosis: progressive thickening of artery walls due to plaque accumulation.
- Ischemia occurs when blood flow is blocked, damaging tissue.
Cardiovascular Disease Causes
- Age.
- Gender (men >45; women >55).
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Elevated LDL and VLDL.
- High blood pressure.
- Smoking.
- Obesity.
- Inactivity.
- Poor diet.
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention & Lifestyle Changes
- Cholesterol-lowering diet (<200 mg).
- Healthy weight.
- Regular physical activity.
- Decrease saturated fat intake (<7%).
- Reduce total fat intake (25-35% of calories).
- Moderate alcohol consumption.
Cardiovascular Disease Treatment
- Thrombolytics.
- Anticoagulants.
- Aspirin.
- Painkillers.
- Blood pressure medications
- Rhythm stabilizers.
Hypertriglyceridemia Treatment
- Mild: Weight reduction, physical activity, smoking cessation, avoiding refined carbohydrates, and limiting alcohol.
- Severe: Very low-fat diet (<15%), weight reduction, physical activity, and medication.
Vitamin Supplementation
- No conclusive research supports vitamin supplementation as a preventative measure for CVD.
Congestive Heart Failure
- Heart's inability to pump blood efficiently.
- Fluids accumulate in veins and tissues.
Congestive Heart Failure Treatment
- Sodium and fluid restrictions.
- Diuretics.
- Small and frequent meals.
- Vaccinations for influenza and pneumonia
- Adequate fiber.
- Avoid alcohol.
- Liquid supplements, tube feedings, or parenteral support.
Stroke
- 3rd leading cause of death.
- Types: ischemic, hemorrhagic, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
- Prevention: Recognize risk factors, lifestyle changes, and use thrombolytic drugs.
- Management: Maintain nutrition status, manage complications (e.g., lack of coordination), physical therapy, and swallowing therapy.
Hypertension
- Affects 1/3 of adults in the US.
- Factors include cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hormone secretion from the kidneys.
- Desirable blood pressure: <120/80 mmHg; other levels are pre-hypertension (120-139/80-89 mmHg) and hypertension (>140/90 mmHg).
Hypertension Contributing Factors
- Aging.
- Genetics (more common in African Americans).
- Obesity.
- Salt sensitivity.
- Alcohol consumption (3 or more drinks per day).
Hypertension Treatment
- Weight reduction.
- Low-sodium diet.
- DASH diet (rich in fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, potassium, calcium, magnesium).
- Regular physical activity.
- Moderate alcohol intake.
- Drug therapy
Lifestyle Modifications for Blood Pressure Reduction
- Weight reduction
- DASH diet
- Sodium restriction
- Physical activity
- Moderate alcohol consumption
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers key information about Diabetes Mellitus, including its symptoms, diagnosis, and types. Learn about the prevalence of diabetes and how it affects health, particularly regarding complications like heart disease and kidney failure. Test your knowledge on this important metabolic disorder.
