38 Questions
What is the method of glucose measurement that uses copper reduction?
Nelson-Somogyi method
What is the normal range for HbA1c values?
4-6%
What is the term for carbohydrates containing 5 carbon atoms?
Pentoses
What is the term for carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed?
Monosaccharides
What is the term for a chain of 2-10 sugar units?
Oligosaccharides
What is the term for a linkage of many monosaccharides?
Polysaccharides
What is the term for carbohydrates that contain 6 carbon atoms?
Hexoses
What is the term for carbohydrates that contain 3 carbon atoms?
Trioses
What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis?
Conversion of amino acids, glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate to glucose
What is the result of glycogenolysis?
Glycogen is converted to glucose-6-phosphate
What is the function of glycogenesis?
Synthesis of glycogen from glucose
What is the result of glycolysis?
Glucose is converted to pyruvate or lactate
What is the function of lipogenesis?
Synthesis of fatty acids from glucose
What is the purpose of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?
To break down glycogen and synthesize glucose
What is the result of lipolysis?
Breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol
What is the purpose of glycolysis and glycogenolysis?
To break down glycogen to glucose and generate energy
Which method of HbA1c measurement is not affected by hemoglobin F, S, or C?
Affinity chromatography
What is the basis for the separation of glycosylated hemoglobin in cation exchange chromatography?
Charge
Why does the presence of hemoglobin F yield false increased levels of HbA1c in cation exchange chromatography?
Hemoglobin F is more negatively charged
What is the advantage of Affinity chromatography over Cation exchange chromatography?
It is not affected by hemoglobinopathies
What is the role of the boronate group in Affinity chromatography?
It attaches to the glycosylated hemoglobin
Why is cation exchange chromatography highly temperature dependent?
It is based on the charge of the hemoglobins
What is the basis for the elution of glycosylated hemoglobin in cation exchange chromatography?
pH of the buffer
How does the presence of hemoglobin S and C affect HbA1c measurement in cation exchange chromatography?
It yields false decreased levels
What is the principle behind Gerhardt's ketones test?
Reaction with ferric chloride and acetoacetic acid
What is the purpose of the sodium nitroprusside test in detecting ketones?
To detect acetoacetic acid in alkaline pH
What is microalbuminuria defined as?
Persistent albuminuria in two out of three urine collections of 30-300 mg/24 h
Which of the following may increase urine albumin?
Exercise within 24 hours
What is the albumin-creatinine ratio for clinical proteinuria or macroalbuminuria?
≥300 mg/24 h
What is the purpose of the enzymatic ketones test?
To detect 3-b-hydroxybutyric acid using 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
What is the normal range for albumin-creatinine ratio in spot urine collection?
30-300 µg/mg creatinine
What is the significance of a timed 4-hour overnight collection for microalbuminuria?
To detect microalbuminuria
common name of Fasciolopsis buski
Large intestinal fluke
Which action are NOT associated with hormone insulin?
Increases glycogenolysis
Which findings are consistent with hyperglycemia?
Increased blood and urine pH
Which features do NOT characterize Type I diabetes mellitus?
Insulin resistance
Which result below best indicates impaired glucose tolerance?
2 hr OGTT > 140 mg/dL but < 200 mg/dL
Which statement below INCORRECTLY describes Von-Gierke disease?
Insufficient glycogen stored
This quiz covers the functions of hormones such as thyroxine, somatostatin, and growth hormone in relation to glucose metabolism. It also touches on disease states, including hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. Test your knowledge of the endocrine system and its impact on glucose levels.
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