Endocrine Hormones and Glucose Metabolism

What is the method of glucose measurement that uses copper reduction?

Hagedorn-Jensen method
Ortho-toluidine method
Ferricyanide method
Nelson-Somogyi method (correct)

What is the normal range for HbA1c values?

6-8%
4-6% (correct)
10-12%
8-10%

What is the term for carbohydrates containing 5 carbon atoms?

Trioses
Tetroses
Hexoses
Pentoses (correct)

What is the term for carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed?

Monosaccharides (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a chain of 2-10 sugar units?

Oligosaccharides (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a linkage of many monosaccharides?

Polysaccharides (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for carbohydrates that contain 6 carbon atoms?

Hexoses (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for carbohydrates that contain 3 carbon atoms?

Trioses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis?

Conversion of amino acids, glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate to glucose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of glycogenolysis?

Glycogen is converted to glucose-6-phosphate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glycogenesis?

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of glycolysis?

Glucose is converted to pyruvate or lactate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lipogenesis?

Synthesis of fatty acids from glucose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

To break down glycogen and synthesize glucose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of lipolysis?

Breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of glycolysis and glycogenolysis?

To break down glycogen to glucose and generate energy (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which method of HbA1c measurement is not affected by hemoglobin F, S, or C?

Affinity chromatography (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the separation of glycosylated hemoglobin in cation exchange chromatography?

Charge (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why does the presence of hemoglobin F yield false increased levels of HbA1c in cation exchange chromatography?

Hemoglobin F is more negatively charged (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of Affinity chromatography over Cation exchange chromatography?

It is not affected by hemoglobinopathies (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the boronate group in Affinity chromatography?

It attaches to the glycosylated hemoglobin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is cation exchange chromatography highly temperature dependent?

It is based on the charge of the hemoglobins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the elution of glycosylated hemoglobin in cation exchange chromatography?

pH of the buffer (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of hemoglobin S and C affect HbA1c measurement in cation exchange chromatography?

It yields false decreased levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind Gerhardt's ketones test?

Reaction with ferric chloride and acetoacetic acid (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the sodium nitroprusside test in detecting ketones?

To detect acetoacetic acid in alkaline pH (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is microalbuminuria defined as?

Persistent albuminuria in two out of three urine collections of 30-300 mg/24 h (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may increase urine albumin?

Exercise within 24 hours (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the albumin-creatinine ratio for clinical proteinuria or macroalbuminuria?

≥300 mg/24 h (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the enzymatic ketones test?

To detect 3-b-hydroxybutyric acid using 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for albumin-creatinine ratio in spot urine collection?

30-300 µg/mg creatinine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a timed 4-hour overnight collection for microalbuminuria?

To detect microalbuminuria (C) Signup and view all the answers

common name of Fasciolopsis buski

Large intestinal fluke Signup and view all the answers

Which action are NOT associated with hormone insulin?

Increases glycogenolysis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which findings are consistent with hyperglycemia?

Increased blood and urine pH (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which features do NOT characterize Type I diabetes mellitus?

Insulin resistance (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which result below best indicates impaired glucose tolerance?

2 hr OGTT > 140 mg/dL but < 200 mg/dL (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement below INCORRECTLY describes Von-Gierke disease?

Insufficient glycogen stored (A) Signup and view all the answers