Diabetes Mellitus and Glucokinase

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What is the primary role of glucokinase in the regulation of glucose metabolism?

To stimulate the activity of ATP-sensitive K+ channels

To phosphorylate glucose (correct)

To determine the ATP/ADP ratio

To regulate insulin secretion

What is the direct consequence of an increase in the ATP/ADP ratio in pancreatic β-cells?

Decreased Ca2+ influx

Inhibition of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (correct)

Stimulation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels

Increased insulin secretion

Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Obesity

Insulin resistance

High insulin levels

Autoimmune destruction of β-cells (correct)

What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Insulin resistance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Insulin therapy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?

Polyuria (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?

Symptoms of diabetes 3Ps plus Laboratory Tests (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)?

4-6% of the total hemoglobin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for Insulin Resistance?

Resistance of the target cells to respond to insulin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a combination of diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity?

Metabolic Syndrome (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Hyperinsulinemia?

High glucose and high insulin together (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the complication of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome?

Acute Diabetic Comas (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Macroangiopathy in Diabetes Mellitus?

Excess glucose uptake by endothelial cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of hypoglycemic coma?

Reduced glucose availability to the brain (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Moderate metabolic acidosis with high ketones (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for severe hypoglycemic coma?

Intravenous hypertonic glucose administration (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a microvascular complication of diabetes?

Nephropathy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

5-20% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of death in diabetics?

Myocardial infarction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of atherosclerotic ischemia of the coronary arteries?

Myocardial infarction (D) Signup and view all the answers

Diabetic patients have a higher risk of developing which complications compared to the general population?

Both microvascular and macrovascular complications (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal microalbumin level in diabetic patients?

30-300mg/24 hours (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of damage to blood vessels in and around the retina in diabetic patients?

Retinopathy (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of patients with diabetes that develop nephropathy?

20-30% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients?

Erectile dysfunction (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of distal polyneuropathies in diabetic patients?

Painless ulceration (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that hinders wound healing in diabetic patients?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of diabetic neuropathy that progresses from distal to proximal?

Paresthesia in the lower and upper extremities (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for diabetic foot ulcers?