30 Questions
What is the primary role of glucokinase in the regulation of glucose metabolism?
To phosphorylate glucose
What is the direct consequence of an increase in the ATP/ADP ratio in pancreatic β-cells?
Inhibition of ATP-sensitive K+ channels
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Autoimmune destruction of β-cells
What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Insulin resistance
What is the primary treatment for Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Insulin therapy
What is a common symptom of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?
Polyuria
What is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?
Symptoms of diabetes 3Ps plus Laboratory Tests
What is the normal range for Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)?
4-6% of the total hemoglobin
What is the main reason for Insulin Resistance?
Resistance of the target cells to respond to insulin
What is the term for a combination of diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity?
Metabolic Syndrome
What is the result of Hyperinsulinemia?
High glucose and high insulin together
What is the complication of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome?
Acute Diabetic Comas
What is the main cause of Macroangiopathy in Diabetes Mellitus?
Excess glucose uptake by endothelial cells
What is the primary mechanism of hypoglycemic coma?
Reduced glucose availability to the brain
Which of the following is a characteristic of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Moderate metabolic acidosis with high ketones
What is the primary treatment for severe hypoglycemic coma?
Intravenous hypertonic glucose administration
Which of the following is a microvascular complication of diabetes?
Nephropathy
What is the mortality rate of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
5-20%
What is the most common cause of death in diabetics?
Myocardial infarction
What is the result of atherosclerotic ischemia of the coronary arteries?
Myocardial infarction
Diabetic patients have a higher risk of developing which complications compared to the general population?
Both microvascular and macrovascular complications
What is the normal microalbumin level in diabetic patients?
30-300mg/24 hours
What is the result of damage to blood vessels in and around the retina in diabetic patients?
Retinopathy
What is the percentage of patients with diabetes that develop nephropathy?
20-30%
What is a symptom of autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients?
Erectile dysfunction
What is a complication of distal polyneuropathies in diabetic patients?
Painless ulceration
What is a factor that hinders wound healing in diabetic patients?
All of the above
What is a symptom of diabetic neuropathy that progresses from distal to proximal?
Paresthesia in the lower and upper extremities
What is a risk factor for diabetic foot ulcers?
All of the above
What is a common infection in diabetic patients due to abnormal cell-mediated immunity?
Candidal infections
Understand the role of glucokinase in glucose metabolism and its relation to diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia.
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