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Diabetes Mellitus
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Diabetes Mellitus

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus?

  • Peripheral vascular disease (correct)
  • DKA
  • Polydipsia
  • Weight loss

    • Which diagnostic test reflects the average blood glucose over the prior 3 months?

  • 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test
  • Random plasma glucose
  • Fasting plasma glucose
  • HbA1c (correct)

    • Which of the following is a manifestation of diabetes mellitus?

  • Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
  • GERD
  • Sorbitol accumulation
  • Polyuria (correct)

    • Which of the following is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test reflects the average blood glucose over the prior 3 months?

    <p>HbA1c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be caused by unopposed secretion of GH and epinephrine?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is affected by osmotic damage due to sorbitol accumulation in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes mellitus is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test requires fasting for more than 8 hours?

    <p>Fasting plasma glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the peripheral blood vessels?

    <p>Peripheral vascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by autoimmune T-cell-mediated destruction of beta cells?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is associated with resistance to insulin and progressive pancreatic beta-cell failure?

    <p>Type 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes requires insulin in its treatment?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is more commonly associated with obesity?

    <p>Type 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes has a relatively weak genetic predisposition?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is associated with the HLA system, specifically HLA-DR4 and -DR3?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is associated with severe glucose intolerance?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by high insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is commonly seen in patients with hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of death in patients with untreated hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis?

    <p>Cardiac arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is recommended to replete intracellular potassium stores in patients with hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis?

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the serum osmolality level commonly observed in patients with hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis?

    <blockquote> <p>320 mOsm/kg</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis that can result in coma and death?

    <p>Cerebral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical serum potassium level in patients with hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis?

    <p>Normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis?

    <p>Ketones in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis that can result in coma and death?

    <p>Cerebral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended treatment for hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis?

    <p>IV fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Rapid heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Simple carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome?

    <p>Excessive cortisol production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical findings associated with Cushing syndrome?

    <p>Moon facies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of endogenous Cushing syndrome?

    <p>ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Cushing syndrome?

    <p>Surgical removal of adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding in patients with Cushing syndrome?

    <p>Easy bruising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of death in patients with Cushing syndrome?

    <p>Metabolic complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diabetes is associated with severe glucose intolerance?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test requires fasting for more than 8 hours?

    <p>Fasting plasma glucose test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in high-income countries?

    <p>Autoimmune adrenalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic finding in Addison disease?

    <p>Hyperpigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Glucocorticoid replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of tertiary adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Abrupt cessation of chronic glucocorticoid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Nelson syndrome?

    <p>Pituitary pathologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for primary adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Mineralocorticoid replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common precipitating factor for acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible presenting symptom of acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is characterized by bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in the setting of sepsis?

    <p>Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for acute adrenal (addisonian) crisis?

    <p>Adrenal fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is affected by acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible symptom of acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible symptom of acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Adrenal crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can precipitate acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Acute stressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom may present in a patient with acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Acute abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

    <p>Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in the setting of sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical presentation of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

    <p>Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in high-income countries?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Glucocorticoid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of primary adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Hyperpigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in high-income countries?

    <p>Autoimmune adrenalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of acute adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Nelson syndrome?

    <p>Enlargement of pre-existing ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis?

    <p>Coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding in patients with Cushing syndrome?

    <p>Hyperpigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Glucocorticoid replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of endogenous Cushing syndrome?

    <p>Pituitary pathologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

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