Diabetes Management Quiz
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What is the primary goal of diet management in diabetes treatment?

  • To completely eliminate carbohydrates from the diet
  • To increase the intake of saturated fats
  • To maintain blood glucose and lipids levels within normal limits (correct)
  • To focus solely on protein intake
  • Which percentage of a diabetic patient's diet should consist of carbohydrates?

  • 12% to 20%
  • 40% to 45%
  • 50% to 55% (correct)
  • 30% to 35%
  • What is an important consideration before starting an exercise program for diabetic patients?

  • The blood glucose control level of the patient (correct)
  • The patient's preference for high-energy exercises
  • Immediate initiation of high-intensity workouts
  • Regular consultation with a nutritionist
  • What type of insulin has an onset time of ½ to 1 hour?

    <p>Short-acting insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of exercise for individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Improves glucose utilization for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common type of insulin mentioned?

    <p>Delayed-release insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should diabetic patients always have available during exercise?

    <p>Emergency supplies for hypoglycemia treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Abnormal insulin production or impaired insulin utilization, or both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of diabetes management does not typically include lifestyle changes?

    <p>Pharmacotherapy management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a long-term complication of diabetes?

    <p>Common cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age is recognized as a risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Age 45 years or older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does type 1 diabetes differ from type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Type 1 is insulin dependent while type 2 is non-insulin dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is indicated by a blood pressure reading of ≥140/90 mm Hg?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the incidence of type 1 diabetes?

    <p>It primarily occurs more in younger children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people with diabetes have type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Approximately 5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT listed among the common risk factors of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Age under 40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels for diabetic patients?

    <p>To alter diabetes care dramatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients?

    <p>Excessive carbohydrate consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant complication associated with high doses of insulin therapy?

    <p>Lipodystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is a late sign of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing diabetes, what must patients learn to prevent acute fluctuations in blood glucose?

    <p>Daily self-care skills and monitoring techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hypoglycemia in terms of blood glucose levels?

    <p>Blood glucose between 50 – 60 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors can negatively impact diabetic control?

    <p>Physical and emotional stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an allergic reaction to insulin known as?

    <p>Insulin hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key nursing diagnosis related to elevated blood glucose levels?

    <p>Sensory perceptual alteration related to effect of elevated blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood glucose level is considered a potential indicator of diabetes?

    <p>200 mg/dL or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended intervention for a patient with reduced sensation in their feet?

    <p>Regularly check blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a patient do first if they experience hypoglycemia at home and are able to swallow?

    <p>Give ½ cup of juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hemoglobin A1c test measure?

    <p>Average blood glucose level over the past 2 to 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a normal A1c level for individuals without diabetes?

    <p>4% to 5.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which items are appropriate fast-acting sources of sugar for treating hypoglycemia?

    <p>6-7 hard candies or ½ cup of juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended practice for proper skin and foot care in diabetic patients?

    <p>Inspect feet daily for abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a usual symptom of diabetes?

    <p>Frequent headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target A1c level for individuals diagnosed with diabetes?

    <p>Less than 7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should insulin be administered safely?

    <p>Rotate the injection site and select accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice should be avoided when washing feet?

    <p>Soaking the feet for extended periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should individuals with diabetes have their hemoglobin A1c tested?

    <p>Regularly as determined by a doctor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a hemoglobin A1c level of 6.5% or higher indicate?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When checking for foot abnormalities, which area should be particularly inspected?

    <p>Between the toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does hemoglobin play in the body?

    <p>Carries oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common range for blood glucose levels in severe cases related to hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?

    <p>600 to 1,200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary goal of medical management in HHNS?

    <p>Insulin administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Peripheral vascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be closely monitored in patients with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state to prevent renal failure?

    <p>Fluid status and urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with cerebral dehydration from extreme hyperosmolality?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of monitoring blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>To check for signs of complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte disturbance is commonly found in patients experiencing severe dehydration?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing action is essential to ensure patient safety in the presence of altered sensorium due to a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?

    <p>Implementing fall prevention strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, multisystem disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both.
    • It's a serious health problem globally, with prevalence rapidly increasing.
    • DM is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide.

    Complications

    • Long-term complications include adult blindness, end-stage kidney disease, and non-traumatic lower limb amputations.
    • It's a major factor contributing to heart disease and stroke.
    • Adults with diabetes have heart disease death rates 2 to 4 times higher than those without.
    • Stroke risk is also 2 to 4 times higher for people with diabetes.
    • Approximately 67% of adults with diabetes have hypertension.

    Risk Factors

    • Genetic: Family history of diabetes (parents or siblings).
    • Metabolic: Obesity, emotional and physical stress.
    • Microbiological: Viral infection (in some types).
    • Immunological: Age ≥45 years, hypertension (≥140/90 mm Hg), low HDL cholesterol level, triglyceride.
    • History of gestational diabetes or delivery of babies over 9 lbs

    Classification of Diabetes

    • Type 1 (IDDM): Juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes.

      • Accounts for approximately 5% of all people with diabetes.
      • Primarily affects people under 40, with 40% developing it before age 20.
      • Incidence has increased slightly in recent decades, occurring more frequently in younger children.
    • Type 2 (NIDDM): Adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

      • Most prevalent type, accounting for 90-95% of cases.
      • Risk factors include being overweight/obese, older age, and a family history of type 2 diabetes.
      • Increasing incidence due to childhood obesity.
    • Gestational: Occurs during pregnancy.

    • Secondary: Associated with other conditions like pancreatitis.

    Physiology and Pathophysiology of Diabetes

    • Insulin: Secreted by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
      • Insulin is an anabolic (storage) hormone.
      • Released when a person eats a meal to move glucose from the blood into muscle, liver and fat cells.
    • Glucose Metabolism: Insulin facilitates glucose transport and storage, inhibiting the breakdown of stored glucose
      • In fasting states, the pancreas secretes basal insulin. Glucagon is released when blood glucose drops; it stimulates the liver to release stored glucose.
    • The liver also produces glucose through the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis). After 8 to 12 hours without food, the liver forms glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenesis).

    Type 1 Diabetes Pathophysiology

    • Destruction of beta cells results in reduced insulin production and unchecked (high) glucose produced by the liver
    • Glucose can't be stored in the liver, leading to elevated postprandial (after meals) hyperglycemia.
    • If blood glucose exceeds renal threshold, glucose appears in the urine (glucosuria), resulting in osmotic diuresis (fluid loss).
    • Fat breakdown increases, producing excessive ketone bodies which contribute to hyperglycemia.

    Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology

    • Key problems are insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
    • Insulin resistance reduces tissue sensitivity to insulin.
    • Glucose uptake by tissues and regulation of glucose release are diminished.
    • Genetic factors likely play a role.
    • Increased amounts of insulin are secreted to offset resistance, but beta cells may not be able to keep up, leading to high glucose levels.
    • Uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes may lead to HHNS (hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome). Ketone body production doesn't occur to the same extent in Type 2, so DKA is less common.

    Management of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

    • Diet: Crucial for management.
    • Exercise: Essential.
    • Pharmacologic Therapy:
      • Insulin therapy (Type 1 and some Type 2)
      • Oral hypoglycemic agents (mostly Type 2)
    • Monitoring: Frequent blood glucose monitoring.
    • Education: Critical to self-management.

    Gestational Diabetes

    • Any degree of glucose intolerance during pregnancy.
    • Risk factors include age 25+ or obesity, family history of diabetes or ethnicity with high prevalence.

    Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Acute complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS).
    • Chronic complications: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy.

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    Diabetes Mellitus PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key aspects of diabetes management, including diet, insulin types, exercise considerations, and complications. Understand the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as essential protocols for diabetic patients.

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