Chapter 40 NIH III

A condition where the pancreas is unable to produce insulin due to an autoimmune reaction, typically developing during childhood or adolescence. This results in the body's inability to regulate blood sugar.

A condition characterized by either insufficient insulin production or insensitivity to insulin by the body's cells, leading to high blood sugar. This is a more common type of diabetes, often related to lifestyle factors.

A crucial hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar by allowing glucose to enter cells for energy. Without insulin, glucose builds up in the blood, leading to complications.

The process by which the body breaks down fat for energy in the absence of sufficient glucose, producing ketones as a byproduct. This can lead to a dangerous condition called diabetic ketoacidosis in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

A condition characterized by dangerously high blood sugar levels and dehydration, often occurring in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It can lead to coma and even death.

A group of metabolic risk factors that increase the chance of developing type 2 diabetes and other health problems. These include abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and high blood sugar levels.

A common complication of diabetes impacting the nerves, especially in the feet and legs. This can lead to numbness, tingling, or pain, making it difficult to feel injuries and increasing risk of foot ulcers.

A serious complication of diabetes affecting the eyes. High blood sugar can damage tiny blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss, blurred vision, and blindness.

A common complication of diabetes affecting the kidneys. High blood sugar can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to protein in the urine and eventually kidney failure requiring dialysis.

A condition where the pancreas, despite producing some insulin, is unable to respond sufficiently to high blood sugar levels. This results in high blood sugar levels and can lead to a variety of complications.

A test that measures the average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months by measuring the amount of glucose attached to red blood cells. This helps track how well a person has managed their blood sugar levels.

A condition where blood sugar levels fall too low, often caused by taking too much insulin or not eating enough. This can lead to various symptoms like sweating, shakiness, confusion, and even loss of consciousness.

A condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. This is often a precursor to type 2 diabetes and can be managed with lifestyle changes.

A type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. This causes insulin resistance and high blood sugar, but usually resolves after delivery. However, women who had gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

A type of diabetes that affects people with cystic fibrosis. This results in insulin resistance due to pancreatic dysfunction associated with cystic fibrosis.

A condition characterized by low blood sugar levels that occurs after a meal, typically associated with over-production of insulin by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar levels.

A test that involves consuming a sugary drink and having blood sugar levels measured at different intervals to assess how well the body regulates blood sugar.

A type of medication used to lower blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. It stimulates the pancreas to produce more insulin and also improves the body's sensitivity to insulin.

A type of medication used to lower blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. It helps the body use insulin more effectively and improve insulin sensitivity.

A type of medication used to lower blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes by slowing down the absorption of sugar from the intestines.

A common symptom of ketoacidosis caused by the body's attempt to expel excess carbon dioxide as it tries to compensate for the buildup of acid in the blood. It's characterized by deep, rapid breathing.

A state of severe dehydration caused by the loss of fluids from the body due to increased urination (polyuria) caused by high blood sugar levels, a common issue in diabetes.

A key aspect of diabetes management aimed at maintaining stable blood sugar levels. This includes consuming a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and taking prescribed medications as directed.

A common symptom of high blood sugar levels, often accompanied by excessive thirst and frequent urination. This occurs because the kidneys try to get rid of excess sugar in the blood.

A tool used to monitor blood sugar levels at home. This device allows individuals with diabetes to track their blood sugar levels throughout the day and make adjustments to their insulin dosage or diet as needed.

A lifestyle intervention that can significantly improve blood sugar control and reduce the risk of complications associated with diabetes. Engaging in regular physical activity helps the body use glucose for energy more efficiently.

A type of medication used to lower blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity in the body's cells so that glucose can more easily enter for energy production.

A type of medication used to lower blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas.

A complication of diabetes occurring when there is damage to the small blood vessels in the eyes, potentially leading to vision loss or blindness. This condition often develops over time.

A complication of diabetes that involves damage to the large blood vessels in the body, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, or peripheral artery disease.

This condition affects the small blood vessels in the body, often causing damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. It's a serious complication of diabetes.

A form of diabetes care that encourages individuals with diabetes to actively manage their blood sugar levels through dietary adjustments, exercise, and medication as prescribed.

A valuable tool for managing diabetes, allowing individuals to actively track their own blood sugar levels and make necessary adjustments to their diet, exercise, or medication regimen.

A serious long-term complication of diabetes that involves damage to the blood vessels in the feet, potentially leading to ulcers, infections, amputations, and even death.

A serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, ketones in the blood, and metabolic acidosis. It typically occurs in people with type 1 diabetes.

The process where the body breaks down fat for energy when there isn't enough glucose available. This releases acidic substances called ketones.

Carbohydrates have the largest impact on blood glucose compared to other nutrients.

A system for classifying carbohydrates that considers how quickly they raise blood glucose levels. Foods with a higher GI raise blood sugar faster.

A dietary recommendation for people with diabetes to help manage their blood sugar and weight. Half of the plate should be non-starchy vegetables, a quarter should be starchy foods, and a quarter should be protein, with additional servings of fruit and low-fat milk.

Recommended daily intake of fiber for people with diabetes to help lower blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, and enhance satiety.

Regular exercise helps regulate blood sugar levels for up to 48 hours, improves blood lipid profiles and circulation, and is recommended for at least 150 minutes per week.

High blood sugar levels cause potassium (K+) to leave cells, accumulate in the blood (hyperkalemia), and then get excreted in urine, eventually leading to low potassium levels (hypokalemia).

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication in type 1 diabetes where the body produces ketones due to a lack of insulin.

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) is a dangerous condition with extremely high blood sugar and dehydration, often seen in type 2 diabetes.

DKA treatment involves IV fluids, insulin, blood glucose monitoring, potassium monitoring, and addressing the underlying cause.

HHS treatment focuses on IV fluids, insulin, glucose & electrolyte monitoring, and identifying and addressing the underlying cause.

Preventing HHS involves careful blood glucose monitoring at home, increasing fluids when blood sugar levels rise, and recognizing when to seek medical attention.

Long-term complications of HHS include damage to large blood vessels (macrovascular complications), small blood vessels (microvascular complications), nerves, and an increased risk of infections and foot problems.

Macrovascular complications of diabetes affect the large blood vessels, leading to a higher risk of heart attacks, strokes, and circulatory problems in the feet and legs.

Microvascular complications of diabetes affect the small blood vessels, leading to problems in the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy).

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication affecting the eyes, caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. This can lead to vision loss, blurred vision, and even blindness.

Diabetic nephropathy is a complication affecting the kidneys, caused by damage to the small blood vessels. This can lead to kidney failure and the need for dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Diabetic neuropathy is a complication affecting the nerves, caused by damage due to high blood sugar levels. This can lead to numbness, tingling, pain, and problems with sexual function and digestion.

Foot complications in diabetes are serious because high blood sugar can impair circulation and nerve function, making the feet susceptible to infections and ulcers that are slow to heal.

Charcot foot is a painful deformity that occurs when the foot bones are weakened by neuropathy and bone loss, making the foot unstable and prone to injury.

Reactive hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low after a meal. This is often due to the pancreas overproducing insulin, leading to a rapid drop in sugar.