Questions and Answers
What are Oral Antidiabetic Drugs used for?
Type 2 diabetics
What class does Metformin (Glucophage) belong to?
What is Metformin (Glucophage) used for?
First-line antidiabetic treatment; also used for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
What is the mechanism of action for Metformin?
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Does Metformin (Glucophage) cause hypoglycemia and weight gain?
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What are some adverse effects of Metformin?
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What are the contraindications for Metformin?
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What class does Glipizide (Glucotrol) belong to?
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What are the adverse effects of Glipizide (Glucotrol)?
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Repaglinide (Prandin) is classified as a Glinide?
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What is one use of Repaglinide?
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What class does Pioglitazone (Actos) belong to?
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What are some effects of Pioglitazone (Actos)?
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Heart failure is a contraindication for Pioglitazone (Actos)?
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What class does Acarbose (Precose) belong to?
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What should Acarbose (Precose) be taken with?
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Pramlintide (Symlin) can be used for both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
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What is one adverse effect of Pramlintide (Symlin)?
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Study Notes
Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Overview
- Oral antidiabetic drugs are primarily used for managing type 2 diabetes.
- Effectiveness is enhanced when combined with lifestyle and behavioral changes.
Metformin (Glucophage)
- Class: Biguanides
- First-line treatment for type 2 diabetes; also effective for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.
- Mechanism of Action:
- Reduces glucose production in the liver.
- Decreases intestinal glucose absorption.
- Increases tissue glucose uptake.
- Does not stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas.
- Does not cause hypoglycemia or weight gain.
- Common adverse effects include abdominal bleeding, nausea, cramping, diarrhea, and lactic acidosis.
- Contraindications: Renal disease/dysfunction, alcoholism, liver failure, heart failure.
- Interactions:
- Avoid IV contrast 48 hours before and after use to prevent renal failure.
- Diuretics and corticosteroids may cause hyperglycemia.
Glipizide (Glucotrol)
- Class: Sulfonylureas
- Second-generation medication that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas, increasing insulin levels.
- Requires the presence of beta cell function to be effective.
- Common adverse effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain, nausea, heartburn.
- Contraindications: Hypoglycemia and cross-allergy to sulfonamide antibiotics.
Repaglinide (Prandin)
- Class: Glinides
- Used primarily to control postprandial blood glucose levels.
- Mechanism: Increases insulin secretion from the pancreas with a short duration; must be administered with each meal.
- Adverse effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain.
Pioglitazone (Actos)
- Class: Glitazones
- Mechanism: Decreases insulin resistance and increases glucose uptake in muscles while inhibiting glucose production in the liver.
- Effect onset is slow; may take months to reach full therapeutic action.
- Used for patients who cannot tolerate or have failed other medications like Metformin or Sulfonylureas.
- Adverse effects include peripheral edema, weight gain, hepatotoxicity, and increased LDL/triglyceride levels.
- Contraindication: Heart failure.
- Interactions: Gemfibrozil increases hypoglycemic effects by inhibiting drug metabolism.
Acarbose (Precose)
- Class: Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor
- Mechanism: Reversibly inhibits alpha-glucosidase to delay glucose absorption, should be taken with the first bite of a meal.
- Common adverse effects: Flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hepatotoxicity.
- Contraindications include inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption syndromes, and intestinal obstruction.
Pramlintide (Symlin)
- Class: Amylin Mimetics
- Mechanism: Slows gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon secretion, and reduces hepatic glucose output; helps regulate appetite and satiety.
- Effective for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
- Adverse effect: Nausea.
- Contraindicated in patients with gastrointestinal motility problems.
- Interactions with insulin (increases hypoglycemia risk) and oral medications (delays absorption).
General Considerations
- All medications require careful monitoring for effectiveness and potential side effects.
- Lifestyle modifications remain crucial in managing diabetes effectively.
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Test your knowledge on oral antidiabetic drugs with these flashcards. Learn about different medications like Metformin and their mechanisms of action. Perfect for students studying pharmacology or healthcare professionals.
