Questions and Answers
What oral antidiabetic stimulates beta cells to secrete more insulin and increase receptor sites in the tissue?
What hyperglycemic medication increases blood glucose within 5 - 20 minutes?
What oral diabetic medication has the following side effects: Diarrhea, Stomach upset, and Lactic acidosis?
What oral medication should not be taken with dairy products?
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What drug increases blood sugar by stimulating glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown) in the liver?
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What decreases the rate of liver glucose production, augments glucose uptake by tissues, and lowers lipids?
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What oral anti-diabetics classification lists the side effects of hypoglycemia? (Select all that apply)
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What classification may cause weight gain? (Select all that apply)
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What classification of OAD (oral anti-diabetic) medication delays the absorption of carbohydrates from the GI tract?
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Alpha-Glucosidase should ONLY be given with meals. Choose the generic names of the drugs that belong to this category.
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What increases glucose uptake in muscle and decreases glucose production in the liver?
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Choose the correct Thiazolidinediones drugs.
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What are the side effects of Meglitinides?
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What are the side effects of Thiazolidinediones?
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What stimulates rapid and short-lived release of insulin from the pancreas?
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What should not be used if liver or kidney dysfunction is present and has a higher hypoglycemic potency?
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Study Notes
Oral Antidiabetic Medications
- Sulfonylureas: Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Common examples include Glipizide, Glyburide, and Glimepiride. Long-term use may not be effective in patients with diminished insulin production.
- Biguanides (Metformin): Reduces hepatic glucose production, increases peripheral glucose uptake, and decreases intestinal absorption of glucose. Important to note that it can cause lactic acidosis, especially in older adults or those with renal dysfunction.
- Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Delay carbohydrate absorption in the intestines. Examples are Acarbose and Miglitol, which must be taken with meals.
- Thiazolidinediones: Increase insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat tissues but can worsen heart failure. Examples include Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone.
Hyperglycemic Medications
- Glucagon: Acts quickly (within 5-20 minutes) to elevate blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver.
Side Effects
- Metformin: Known for gastrointestinal side effects like diarrhea and stomach upset; serious risk of lactic acidosis.
- Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides: Both can cause hypoglycemia. However, Meglitinides have a lower risk compared to Sulfonylureas.
- Thiazolidinediones: Associated with weight gain and edema; can exacerbate heart failure and may lead to rare liver complications.
- Meglitinides: Similar to Sulfonylureas in mechanism but with a shorter duration of action. Can cause hypoglycemia and weight gain.
Administration Considerations
- Metformin: Should be stopped before surgeries or procedures involving contrast dye due to lactic acidosis risk.
- Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Required to be taken with meals to effectively delay carbohydrate absorption.
- Sulfonylureas: Not recommended for use in patients with liver or kidney dysfunction due to the higher risk of severe hypoglycemia.
Key Points about Specific Medications
- Glyburide and Glipizide: Examples of Sulfonylureas, used for stimulating insulin secretion.
- Acarbose and Miglitol: Both classified under Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors, they work by inhibiting carbohydrate breakdown in the intestines.
- Meglitinides: Drugs like Repaglinide and Nateglinide provide a rapid and short-term insulin release post-meal.
Drug Classifications
- Weight Gain: Associated with Thiazolidinediones, Meglitinides, and Sulfonylureas.
- Hypoglycemia Risk: Significant with Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides.
- Dairy Interaction: Metformin should not be taken concurrently with dairy products.
Summary of Administration Timing
- Medications such as Meglitinides and Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors should be administered close to meal times to maximize efficacy and manage blood glucose levels effectively.
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Description
This quiz covers various classes of oral antidiabetic medications, including Sulfonylureas, Biguanides (Metformin), Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors, and Thiazolidinediones. Learn about their mechanisms of action, notable examples, and potential risks associated with their use. Test your knowledge on how these medications manage blood glucose levels effectively.
