WK 12: Pathological Effects of Diabetes

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What is the estimated financial cost of diabetes to the Australian community?

Around $7 billion

Approximately $5 billion

More than $10 billion (correct)

Less than $1 billion

Compared to the non-indigenous population, the indigenous population is how much more likely to have diabetes?

Less than 2 times as likely

2 times as likely

Equally likely

More than 3 times as likely (correct)

What is the primary criterion for diagnosing diabetes?

Two-hour plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L during an oral glucose tolerance test

Symptoms of diabetes plus a random blood glucose concentration ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (correct)

Symptoms of diabetes plus a random blood glucose concentration ≥ 5.6 mmol/L

Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L

What is the term for a fasting plasma glucose level of 6.1 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L?

Impaired fasting glucose Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of diabetes deaths is attributed to individuals aged 55-64 years in the indigenous population compared to non-indigenous individuals?

4 times greater Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic metabolic disorder of diabetes?

Hyperglycaemia Signup and view all the answers

How many Australians develop diabetes every day?

280 Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of Australians with diabetes by 2031?

3.3 million Signup and view all the answers

How many Australians have developed diabetes in the past year?

120,000 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Australians with diabetes remain undiagnosed?

25% Signup and view all the answers

How often does a new case of diabetes occur in Australia?

Every 5 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of Australians with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes?

1.8 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of non-enzymatic glycosylation in diabetes?

Glucose interacts with amino groups on proteins leading to AGEs Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Deficiency of insulin is mild relative to that of type 1 DM Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary cause of diabetes?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of non-enzymatic glycosylation over a lifetime?

Irreversible accumulation of AGEs over lifetime of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of diabetic renal disease?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test that measures the average blood glucose levels over a period of time?

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is not a main contributor to diabetic complications?

Intracellular hypoglycaemia with disturbances in polyol pathways Signup and view all the answers

What is not a manifestation of diabetic renal disease?

Acute tubular necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes?

Fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0mmol/L and 2 hr plasma glucose ≥11.1 (during oral glucose tolerance test) Signup and view all the answers

What is true about type 1 DM and type 2 DM?

Type 2 DM is more common than type 1 DM Signup and view all the answers

What is false about glucagon?

Glucagon works by improving the uptake of glucose from the blood across cell membranes into cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism that operates to control blood glucose levels?

Negative feedback mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is a long-term complication of diabetes affecting multiple organs?

Gastroparesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic morphological change observed in the pancreas in late complications of diabetes?

Reduction in size Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common vascular complication in diabetes?

Retinopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the microvascular change that occurs in diabetic ocular complications?

Diffuse thickening of the basement membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which vascular complication in diabetes is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and renal insufficiency?