30 Questions
Which hormone is responsible for allowing glucose to enter cells?
Insulin
What is the normal range for glucose levels in the body?
60-120 mg/dL
Which organ releases glucose into the bloodstream?
Liver
What are ketone bodies?
Broken down fats
Which type of diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin production?
Type 1 diabetes
What is the main source of energy in the body?
Glucose
Which hormone is released in the 'fed state' and promotes glucose uptake?
Insulin
What is the role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis?
Stimulates glucose release from the liver
What is the function of the pancreatic beta cell?
Manufacture insulin
What is the connection between diabetes and dental care?
Diabetes increases the risk of tooth decay
Which hormone is released from pancreatic alpha cells and acts on the liver to break down glycogen and increase gluconeogenesis?
Glucagon
What is the main stimulator of insulin release?
Carbs
Which hormone stimulates insulin response from beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner and inhibits gastric emptying?
GLP-1
Which hormone has minimal effects on gastric emptying and does not inhibit glucagon secretion from alpha cells?
GIP
What is the main characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes?
Immune-mediated destruction of the islet beta cell
What is the main characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes?
Insulin resistance in the liver, muscle, and fat
What is the main diagnostic test for diabetes that measures the 3-month average of serum glucose?
Hemoglobin A1c
What are the acute complications of diabetes?
Acute event resulting from an acute insulin deficiency
What is the main cause of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Insulin deficiency, increased counterregulatory hormones, dehydration
What are the clinical presentations of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Increased thirst, increased urination, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness
Which of the following is a microvascular complication directly related to diabetes and blood pressure control?
Retinopathy
What is the most common type of neuropathy associated with diabetes?
Symmetric distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy
What is the initial phase of nephropathy associated with diabetes characterized by?
Increase in blood flow and asymptomatic
What is the recommended treatment for retinopathy associated with diabetes?
Panretinal photocoagulation and medications
Which therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetes patients?
Intensive therapy
In the DCCT study, what was the approximate difference in A1C levels between intensive therapy and conventional therapy?
~2.1%
What is the goal A1C level recommended by the ADA?
<7%
What is the normal range for A1C levels?
4-6%
What is the primary prevention strategy for retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetes patients?
Intensive therapy
What are some of the causes of neuropathy associated with diabetes?
Sorbitol, AGEs, oxidative stress, disruption of metabolic pathways
Study Notes
Glucose Regulation
- Insulin is the hormone responsible for allowing glucose to enter cells.
- Normal glucose levels in the body range from 70-140 mg/dL.
- The liver releases glucose into the bloodstream.
- Ketone bodies are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of glucose.
Diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin production.
- Type 2 Diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
- Insulin is the main hormone released in the 'fed state' and promotes glucose uptake.
- Glucagon, released from pancreatic alpha cells, raises blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen and increasing gluconeogenesis.
Pancreatic Functions
- Beta cells produce insulin, the main source of energy in the body.
- Glucagon, released from pancreatic alpha cells, stimulates glucose release from the liver.
Diabetes and Other Systems
- Diabetes is linked to poor dental care, as high blood sugar levels can lead to oral health issues.
- Incretin, a hormone stimulated by food, stimulates insulin response from beta cells and inhibits gastric emptying.
- Gastrin, another hormone, has minimal effects on gastric emptying and does not inhibit glucagon secretion from alpha cells.
Diabetes Diagnosis and Complications
- Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) is the main diagnostic test for diabetes, measuring the 3-month average of serum glucose.
- Diabetes can lead to acute complications, including Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), which is caused by a lack of insulin and characterized by high blood sugar, ketone buildup, and acidosis.
- Clinical presentations of DKA include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and rapid breathing.
Microvascular Complications
- Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication directly related to diabetes and blood pressure control.
- The most common type of neuropathy associated with diabetes is peripheral neuropathy.
- The initial phase of nephropathy associated with diabetes is characterized by microalbuminuria.
- The recommended treatment for retinopathy associated with diabetes is laser photocoagulation.
Prevention and Treatment
- Intensive therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetes patients.
- In the DCCT study, intensive therapy resulted in an approximate 1.9% difference in A1C levels compared to conventional therapy.
- The goal A1C level recommended by the ADA is <7.0%.
- The normal range for A1C levels is 4.0-5.6%.
- The primary prevention strategy for retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetes patients is tight blood sugar control.
- Other causes of neuropathy associated with diabetes include vitamin deficiencies, thyroid dysfunction, and concurrent medical conditions.
Test your knowledge on diabetes basics, including insulin physiology, glucose homeostasis, types of diabetes, complications, treatment, and dental care.
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