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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of action for sulfonylureas?
What is the mechanism of action for sulfonylureas?
- Inhibit gluconeogenesis in the liver
- Increase insulin sensitivity in muscle tissues
- Slow down gastric emptying
- Stimulate insulin release from the pancreas (correct)
What is the peak time for Humulin 70/30 insulin?
What is the peak time for Humulin 70/30 insulin?
- 4-12 hours
- 20-24 hours
- 30-90 minutes
- 2-5 hours (correct)
Which of the following correctly describes the action of insulin on potassium levels?
Which of the following correctly describes the action of insulin on potassium levels?
- Has no effect on potassium levels
- Causes potassium retention in the body
- Increases potassium excretion in urine
- Decreases potassium levels by driving it into cells (correct)
What is the duration of action for glargine insulin?
What is the duration of action for glargine insulin?
Which insulin type is characterized as intermediate-acting and appears cloudy?
Which insulin type is characterized as intermediate-acting and appears cloudy?
What potential complication is associated with insulin use that includes muscle cramping?
What potential complication is associated with insulin use that includes muscle cramping?
When should sulfonylureas be administered in relation to meals?
When should sulfonylureas be administered in relation to meals?
Which of the following medications can potentially raise blood glucose levels?
Which of the following medications can potentially raise blood glucose levels?
Which class of medications does Glyburide belong to?
Which class of medications does Glyburide belong to?
What is the hemoglobin A1c level indicating diabetes?
What is the hemoglobin A1c level indicating diabetes?
What type of insulin is typically administered with meals to control postprandial blood glucose levels?
What type of insulin is typically administered with meals to control postprandial blood glucose levels?
Which of the following insulin types is classified as long-acting?
Which of the following insulin types is classified as long-acting?
Which mechanism of action do Biguanides primarily utilize?
Which mechanism of action do Biguanides primarily utilize?
What fasting blood glucose level qualifies as diabetes?
What fasting blood glucose level qualifies as diabetes?
What is the primary effect of glucagon when blood glucose levels are too low?
What is the primary effect of glucagon when blood glucose levels are too low?
How does the duration of action compare between rapid-acting and long-acting insulin?
How does the duration of action compare between rapid-acting and long-acting insulin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of metformin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of metformin?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of biguanides like metformin?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of biguanides like metformin?
Which of the following hypoglycemic agents promotes the release of insulin and decreases glucagon secretion?
Which of the following hypoglycemic agents promotes the release of insulin and decreases glucagon secretion?
What blood glucose level defines hypoglycemia?
What blood glucose level defines hypoglycemia?
What potential complication can arise from administering glucagon?
What potential complication can arise from administering glucagon?
What is the purpose of dextrose (D50W) in treating hypoglycemia?
What is the purpose of dextrose (D50W) in treating hypoglycemia?
What should be monitored in patients taking meglitinides?
What should be monitored in patients taking meglitinides?
Which of the following is a key consideration when administering beta blockers in patients with diabetes?
Which of the following is a key consideration when administering beta blockers in patients with diabetes?
What is the primary mechanism of action of sitagliptin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of sitagliptin?
Which class of drugs includes repaglinide?
Which class of drugs includes repaglinide?
What is a potential side effect of taking metformin?
What is a potential side effect of taking metformin?
At what blood glucose level is hypoglycemia defined?
At what blood glucose level is hypoglycemia defined?
What condition can arise from the administration of glucagon?
What condition can arise from the administration of glucagon?
What is the primary purpose of dextrose (D50W) in clinical practice?
What is the primary purpose of dextrose (D50W) in clinical practice?
What complication should be monitored for in patients using biguanides like metformin?
What complication should be monitored for in patients using biguanides like metformin?
What is the therapeutic effect of glucagon?
What is the therapeutic effect of glucagon?
What type of drug is classified as a Biguanide?
What type of drug is classified as a Biguanide?
What is the hemoglobin A1c level that indicates a person has prediabetes?
What is the hemoglobin A1c level that indicates a person has prediabetes?
Which insulin type is considered rapid-acting?
Which insulin type is considered rapid-acting?
What is a primary side effect associated with insulin use due to potassium levels?
What is a primary side effect associated with insulin use due to potassium levels?
What is the blood glucose level that qualifies as diabetes during a fasting blood glucose test?
What is the blood glucose level that qualifies as diabetes during a fasting blood glucose test?
What is the primary effect of sulfonylureas on blood glucose levels?
What is the primary effect of sulfonylureas on blood glucose levels?
Which insulin type is characterized as long-acting?
Which insulin type is characterized as long-acting?
Which insulin type is known to have a duration of action between 18-24 hours?
Which insulin type is known to have a duration of action between 18-24 hours?
Which of the following antihyperglycemic agents is categorized as a rapid-acting insulin?
Which of the following antihyperglycemic agents is categorized as a rapid-acting insulin?
What fasting blood glucose range indicates prediabetes?
What fasting blood glucose range indicates prediabetes?
What is the usual duration of action for rapid-acting insulin?
What is the usual duration of action for rapid-acting insulin?
What is the onset time for glargine insulin?
What is the onset time for glargine insulin?
Which class of medications is known for causing a reduction in blood glucose by blocking the sympathetic nervous system responses?
Which class of medications is known for causing a reduction in blood glucose by blocking the sympathetic nervous system responses?
How should NPH insulin be prepared before administration?
How should NPH insulin be prepared before administration?
Which of the following classes of medications is associated with increasing insulin release from the pancreas?
Which of the following classes of medications is associated with increasing insulin release from the pancreas?
What is the duration of action for Humulin 70/30 insulin?
What is the duration of action for Humulin 70/30 insulin?
Which insulin type peaks at 30-90 minutes after administration?
Which insulin type peaks at 30-90 minutes after administration?
Which side effect is commonly associated with insulin therapy due to its effect on potassium levels?
Which side effect is commonly associated with insulin therapy due to its effect on potassium levels?
What is the recommended administration timing for sulfonylureas relative to meals?
What is the recommended administration timing for sulfonylureas relative to meals?
Which beta-blocker interaction with insulin can cause a decrease in blood glucose levels?
Which beta-blocker interaction with insulin can cause a decrease in blood glucose levels?
What is the mechanism of action of metformin?
What is the mechanism of action of metformin?
Which of the following medications is classified as a meglitinide?
Which of the following medications is classified as a meglitinide?
What is the primary complication to monitor when administering beta blockers in diabetic patients?
What is the primary complication to monitor when administering beta blockers in diabetic patients?
What is the primary therapeutic effect of glucagon?
What is the primary therapeutic effect of glucagon?
What potential complication should be monitored when using dextrose solutions for hypoglycemia?
What potential complication should be monitored when using dextrose solutions for hypoglycemia?
What is the mechanism of action for sitagliptin?
What is the mechanism of action for sitagliptin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?
What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?
Which of the following blood glucose levels indicates that a person is in the prediabetes range?
Which of the following blood glucose levels indicates that a person is in the prediabetes range?
Which insulin type is characterized by a rapid onset of action and is typically administered with meals?
Which insulin type is characterized by a rapid onset of action and is typically administered with meals?
What is the usual time frame for correctional insulin dosing using a sliding scale?
What is the usual time frame for correctional insulin dosing using a sliding scale?
What blood glucose level qualifies as diabetes when using a two-hour postprandial glucose test?
What blood glucose level qualifies as diabetes when using a two-hour postprandial glucose test?
Which class of medications includes metformin?
Which class of medications includes metformin?
What is the duration of action for long-acting insulin, such as glargine?
What is the duration of action for long-acting insulin, such as glargine?
Flashcards
Onset of Insulin Action
Onset of Insulin Action
The time it takes for insulin to begin lowering blood sugar.
Insulin Peak Action
Insulin Peak Action
The time when insulin's blood sugar-lowering effect is strongest.
Insulin Duration
Insulin Duration
The total time insulin continues to lower blood sugar.
Hypokalemia (Insulin)
Hypokalemia (Insulin)
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Lipohypertrophy (Insulin)
Lipohypertrophy (Insulin)
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NPH Insulin
NPH Insulin
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Sulfonylureas (Oral)
Sulfonylureas (Oral)
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Insulin Storage
Insulin Storage
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Type 1 DM
Type 1 DM
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Type 2 DM
Type 2 DM
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Hemoglobin A1c
Hemoglobin A1c
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Fasting Blood Glucose
Fasting Blood Glucose
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Basal Insulin
Basal Insulin
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Prandial Insulin
Prandial Insulin
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Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
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Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
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Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
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Metformin MOA
Metformin MOA
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Metformin Side Effects
Metformin Side Effects
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D50W MOA
D50W MOA
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D50W complication
D50W complication
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Hypoglycemia Causes
Hypoglycemia Causes
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Glucagon MOA
Glucagon MOA
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Glucagon Side Effects
Glucagon Side Effects
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Insulin Onset
Insulin Onset
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Insulin Peak
Insulin Peak
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Sulfonylureas
Sulfonylureas
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Lipohypertrophy
Lipohypertrophy
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Insulin Deficiency
Insulin Deficiency
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Insulin Resistance
Insulin Resistance
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Oral Antidiabetics
Oral Antidiabetics
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Biguanides (Metformin)
Biguanides (Metformin)
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (Gliptins)
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (Gliptins)
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Causes of Hypoglycemia
Causes of Hypoglycemia
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Glargine Insulin Onset
Glargine Insulin Onset
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Humalog 50/50 Peak
Humalog 50/50 Peak
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NPH Insulin Appearance
NPH Insulin Appearance
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Sulfonylurea Purpose
Sulfonylurea Purpose
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Insulin Storage (Opened)
Insulin Storage (Opened)
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Insulin Injection Site Rotation
Insulin Injection Site Rotation
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Beta Blocker Interaction
Beta Blocker Interaction
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists MOA
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists MOA
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What are the three sources of glucose?
What are the three sources of glucose?
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Insulin and Glucagon: What are their roles?
Insulin and Glucagon: What are their roles?
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Study Notes
Glucose Functioning
- Glucose comes from three sources: carbohydrates, glycogenolysis (breaking down glycogen from the liver), and gluconeogenesis (creating new glucose from fat and muscle tissue).
- When glucose levels are too high, beta cells release insulin, which carries glucose into cells.
- When glucose levels are too low, alpha cells release glucagon, which triggers glycogenolysis.
Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin deficiency, meaning the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, despite the pancreas producing it. Type 2 can progress to type 1.
Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
- Hemoglobin A1c levels exceeding 6.5% indicate diabetes; 5.7%-6.4% indicates prediabetes.
- Fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL indicates diabetes; 100-125 mg/dL indicates prediabetes.
- Two-hour postprandial glucose test greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL indicates diabetes; 140-199 mg/dL indicates prediabetes.
- A random glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL with hyperglycemia symptoms indicates diabetes.
DM Pharmacology - Insulin
- Insulin therapy aims to mimic normal blood glucose control and optimize glycemic management.
- There are different types of insulin, each with varying onset and duration of action, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting.
- Different types of insulin are administered to provide basal and prandial coverage, mimicking the body's natural insulin release throughout the day, including before and after meals.
DM Pharmacology - Oral Antidiabetics
- Sulfonylureas: (e.g., glipizide, glimepiride) MoA: stimulate insulin release from pancreas. Complications/Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain. Special Considerations: caution with beta blockers, renal/hepatic impairment.
- Meglitinides: Mechanism of Action: Similar to sulfonylureas, but with a faster onset and shorter duration. Complications/Side Effects: Hypoglycemia. Special Considerations: caution with beta blockers, renal/hepatic impairment.
- Biguanides: (e.g., metformin). Mechanism of Action: Reduce glucose production by the liver, increase glucose uptake by tissues, reduce glucose absorption in the intestines. Complications/Side Effects: GI upset (anorexia, nausea). Use cautiously in patients with kidney issues and those who drink heavily.
- Gliptins: (e.g., sitagliptin). Mechanism of Action: Promote insulin release and reduce glucagon secretion. Complications/Side Effects: GI distress.
Hyperglycemic Agents (e.g., Dextrose solutions)
- Dextrose (glucose) solutions are used to raise blood glucose levels rapidly.
- D50W is a 50% dextrose solution in water, used for severe hypoglycemia.
- D10W is a 10% dextrose solution in water.
Hypoglycemia
- Hypoglycemia is characterized by blood glucose levels below 65 mg/dL.
- Causes include high insulin doses, medications that stimulate insulin release, renal insufficiency, and decreased nutritional intake.
- Symptoms include anxiety, hunger, palpitations, sweating, shaking, and difficulty thinking.
Insulin Administration and Storage
- Note that only NPH (intermediate-acting) insulin requires rolling before injection; other insulins do not.
- Store unopened insulin in the refrigerator. Once open, most can be stored at room temperature.
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Description
This quiz covers the functioning of glucose, the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2, and the diagnostic criteria for diabetes. Test your knowledge on how glucose is regulated in the body and the implications of high and low levels. Learn about the differences between insulin deficiency and resistance.
