Pharm Review Part 1.

<p>Insulin glargine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Derived using recombinant DNA technologies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasopressin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient’s thyroid hormone levels are within normal limits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac dysrhythmia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short stature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroxine (T4) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor for drug allergies and contraindications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Take the medication once daily in the morning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased metabolic rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase dosages of hypoglycemic medications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goiter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia and palpitations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liothyronine (Cytomel) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retarded fetal growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease blood calcium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease serum digoxin levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dosage should remain the same throughout treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients do not produce insulin or produce defective insulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dizziness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An HbA1c of less than 7% and fasting blood glucose of 4 to 7 mmol/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin deficiency and insulin resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It develops only during pregnancy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic nephropathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin isophane suspension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It includes lifestyle changes like weight loss and exercise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>24 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin glargine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may delay insulin administration until hyperglycemia occurs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One intermediate-acting and one rapid-acting insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticosteroid use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Once daily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates β-cells to release insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anorexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit glucose production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delay glucose absorption in the intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delay the breakdown of incretin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase renal glucose excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote growth in children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>24 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic diuretic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.5–2 ng/mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukotriene receptor antagonist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expectorants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction of blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote bronchodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β1-Adrenergic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of bladder sphincter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-angle glaucoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control secretions during surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chew gum and consume hard candy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher risk for heatstroke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physostigmine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wearing dark glasses or sunglasses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce intraocular pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physostigmine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac arrest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient with asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control of supraventricular tachydysrhythmias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change positions slowly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine can cause excessive irritability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleepiness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking β1-receptors primarily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may mask signs of hypoglycemia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It should never be stopped abruptly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor blood oxygen saturation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Careful monitoring and adherence to administration guidelines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce systemic vascular resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal ejaculation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They block both β1-receptors and β2-receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease myocardial oxygen demand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment of dysrhythmias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to bronchoconstriction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce heart rate and myocardial contractility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases blood flow via dopaminergic receptor activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes vasoconstriction and is used to treat hypotension and shock. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine Hydrochloride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction of blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improvement in cardiac contractility and output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine can stimulate both α- and β-adrenergic receptors, unlike norepinephrine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dobutamine Hydrochloride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased force of contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>History of allergies and asthma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle cramps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α1-Adrenergic receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest tightness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogenolysis and cardiac stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control the release of neurotransmitters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal, hepatic, and cardiac systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indirect-acting sympathomimetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholinesterase inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit acetylcholinesterase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce a sympathomimetic response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binds directly to receptors and causes a response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoglycemia unawareness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dobutamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscarinic receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A patient suffering from asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergency treatment of supraventricular tachydysrhythmias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propranolol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchial spasms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A patient with congestive heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine consumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metoprolol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whole blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For management of acute bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incompatibility with the recipient's immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They primarily increase oxygen-carrying capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lethargy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium chloride (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling water distribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&lt; 135 mmol/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry, sticky mucous membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Captopril and lisinopril (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates the balance of fluids by pulling them into the vessels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased preload and afterload (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.45% NaCl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β blockers are primarily involved in cardiac output reduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are better for treating dehydration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrolyte imbalances due to dilution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase colloid oncotic pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cell products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered coagulation leading to bleeding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid replacement in burns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To draw fluids into the intravascular space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It pushes fluids out of capillaries into surrounding tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote the excretion of sodium and water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gynecomastia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 30 mL/min (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit tubular resorption of sodium and chloride ions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regularly check for signs of dehydration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baseline fluid volume status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 mmol/hr (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 to 10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 to 250 mL of water or fruit juice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acceleration of urine formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water follows sodium reabsorption in the nephron. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infusions must be monitored closely to prevent complications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrolytes and glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a lower concentration of proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thirst mechanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased secretion of mineralocorticoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water retention (edema) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment of potassium depletion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium chloride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 mmol/hr (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accelerate urine formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilute in 100 to 250 mL of water or juice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IV infusion rate and site appearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infiltration at the IV site (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be used in patients with liver dysfunction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent bradykinin breakdown. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Block chloride and sodium resorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edema associated with heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces an osmotic effect to pull water into renal tubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction of intracranial pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warm the vial to dissolve the crystals before administering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrolyte reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium Nitroprusside (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug allergy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Educate patients about timely medication adherence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may cause rebound hypertensive crisis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With meals for gradual absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce alcohol intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clonidine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vasopressin is the anticipated medication for pulseless cardiac arrest.

Having thyroid hormone levels within the normal range.

Underactive thyroid in infancy or childhood, leading to slowed growth and development.

Underactive thyroid in adulthood, causing decreased metabolism and other symptoms.

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin regulate metabolism.

A synthetic thyroid hormone (T4) used to treat hypothyroidism.

An enlarged thyroid gland, often due to high TSH.

Drugs that replace missing thyroid hormones to treat hypothyroidism.

Rapid-acting insulin starts working quickly, within 10-15 minutes.

A type of rapid-acting insulin, similar to natural insulin.

Must be taken with a meal to prevent very low blood sugar.

The nurse should check the patient's blood sugar levels before reacting to the delayed breakfast.

The nurse should monitor the patient's blood glucose levels to address any potential issues due to the delayed meal.

Used for patients with surgically removed or destroyed thyroid glands, and pregnancy-related hypothyroidism.

Cardiac dysrhythmias, tachycardia, palpitations, angina, hypertension, insomnia, tremors, headache, anxiety, nausea, diarrhea, cramps, menstrual irregularities, weight loss, sweating, heat intolerance, fever.

Assess allergies, contraindications, interactions, baseline vitals and weight. Cautious use with heart conditions, hypertension, and pregnancy. Adjust dosage every 4 weeks to maintain thyroid-stimulating hormone at a proper range.

Thyroid hormone dosage should be adjusted every 4 weeks to help maintain thyroid-stimulating hormone levels within the normal range.

Thyroid medications are best taken in the morning to reduce the chances of sleep disturbance.

Patients should report symptoms like chest pain, heart palpitations. Don't take over-the-counter medicine or supplements without consulting a doctor. Understanding that therapeutic effects take time.

Possible under-medication (Inadequate doses).

The nurse anticipates that these symptoms are a result of an inadequate dose of the thyroid medication.

A condition where blood glucose levels are elevated, either due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.

A type of diabetes characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin.

A type of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance, meaning the body's tissues don't respond properly to insulin.

High blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and usually subsides after delivery.

A measure of average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.

A hormone that regulates blood glucose levels.

Medicines taken by mouth to help lower blood sugar in diabetes.

Common health problems often found in addition to type 2 diabetes, such as obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.

A short-acting insulin, clear in appearance, administered intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) ; onset is about 30 minutes, peak is 2-3 hours and duration is 6.5 hours.

An intermediate-acting insulin, cloudy in appearance, often combined with regular insulin; onset is 1-3 hours, peak is 5-8 hours, and duration is up to 18 hours.

Long-acting insulins, clear and colorless, provide a consistent level of insulin in the body; usually dosed once daily or every 12 hours; referred to as basal insulin; onset is 90 minutes; no peak and duration is 24 hours.

Contain two different types of insulin, usually one intermediate-acting and one short- or rapid-acting type. Examples include Humulin 30/70, Novolin 30/70, etc.

Adjusting SC rapid-acting or short-acting insulin doses based on blood glucose test results. Typically used in hospitalized patients.

Corticosteroids can raise blood glucose levels, impacting blood sugar control.

In a patient with COPD on IV antibiotics, nebulizers, corticosteroids, and a proton pump inhibitor; if the evening glucose is high and next morning is also high, the most likely cause is the corticosteroid.

Long-acting insulin that provides a constant level of insulin in the body throughout the day. Usually dosed once daily or every 12 hours

A class of oral diabetes medications that stimulate beta cells to release insulin, lowering glucagon secretion.

Injectable medication mimicking amylin, slowing gastric emptying and suppressing glucagon, helping control blood sugar.

Injectable drugs acting like incretin hormones, boosting insulin release in response to glucose, for type 2 diabetes.

Short-acting oral medications like repaglinide, similar to sulfonylureas in mechanism but with a faster acting time.

Oral diabetes medications that increase insulin sensitivity and reduce glucose production in the body, often resulting in weight gain.

Oral medications that delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestine, thus helping control post-meal blood sugar.

Oral medications that delay the breakdown of incretin hormones, leading to better blood sugar control by reducing fasting and post-meal glucose levels.

Medications causing increased renal glucose excretion to lower blood sugar.

Somatropin is primarily used to promote growth in children who have growth deficiencies.

The half-life of levothyroxine is about 7 days, meaning it takes 7 days for the body to eliminate half of the drug.

Beta-blockers are used to manage levothyroxine toxicity.

Adrenergic drugs stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate.

A key adverse effect of beta-blocker overdose is bradycardia (slow heart rate).

Physostigmine is the antidote for atropine overdose.

Loop diuretics like Lasix can commonly cause hypokalemia (low potassium levels).

ACE inhibitors are a common antihypertensive that can cause a persistent cough.

Drugs that stimulate α-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction, relaxation of GI smooth muscles, bladder sphincter constriction, uterine contraction, male ejaculation, and pupil dilation.

Drugs that stimulate ß1-adrenergic receptors, primarily on the heart, leading to increased heart rate, contractility, and conduction through the AV node.

Drugs that stimulate ß2-adrenergic receptors, mainly on the airways, causing bronchodilation, uterine relaxation, glycogenolysis, increased renin secretion, and decreased GI motility.

A selective ß1-adrenergic agonist that increases cardiac output by stimulating the heart muscle, improving contractility and stroke volume, particularly in patients with heart failure.

Drugs that relax the smooth muscle of the bronchi, opening up the airways, often used to treat asthma and bronchitis.

Side effects of α-adrenergic medications include headache, restlessness, insomnia, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension, dry mouth, nausea, and loss of appetite.

Side effects of β-adrenergic medications include tremors, nervousness, dizziness, chest pain, increased heart rate, palpitations, hypertension, sweating, nausea, and muscle cramps.

Adrenergic drugs can interact with anaesthetic drugs, potentially leading to increased cardiovascular effects.

A patient experiencing chest tightness while on a dobutamine drip likely needs immediate vital signs assessment.

When treating asthma, a nurse's immediate priority is to monitor the child's blood oxygen saturation levels.

Combining two adrenergic drugs can significantly amplify cardiovascular effects, potentially causing serious complications.

Before administering adrenergic drugs, it is crucial to assess allergies, asthma history, hypertension, dysrhythmias, and baseline vital signs.

Adhering to specific administration guidelines and closely monitoring patients for therapeutic effects is vital when using adrenergic drugs.

α-Blockers are medications that block the effects of α-receptors in the body, leading to relaxation of smooth muscles in blood vessels. This causes dilation of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure.

Phentolamine is an α-blocker used to treat hypertension, diagnose pheochromocytoma, and manage extravasation of vasoconstricting drugs.

Tamsulosin is an α-blocker primarily used to treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) in male patients.

β-Blockers work by blocking the stimulation of β-receptors in the heart, slowing heart rate and decreasing force of contraction, ultimately reducing myocardial oxygen demand.

Cardioselective β-blockers are medications that predominantly block β1-receptors in the heart, minimizing effects on β2-receptors in bronchioles and blood vessels.

Nonselective β-blockers block both β1 and β2-receptors, causing bronchoconstriction (narrowing airways) and vasoconstriction (narrowing blood vessels).

β-Blockers are prescribed for various conditions, including angina, myocardial infarction, hypertension, dysrhythmias, glaucoma, and migraine headaches.

Common adverse effects of β-blockers include bradycardia (slow heart rate), hypotension (low blood pressure), fatigue, and bronchospasm (narrowing of airways), especially in patients with asthma.

Anticholinergics, like glycopyrrolate, are used to control secretions during surgery, preventing complications like aspiration pneumonia.

Older adults taking anticholinergics are at higher risk for heatstroke due to the medications' effect on heat-regulating mechanisms.

Physostigmine is the antidote for atropine overdose, a type of anticholinergic.

The anticholinergic, atropine, and opioid work together to control secretions and potentiate pain relief provided by the opioid.

Patients taking anticholinergics should be informed about potential side effects like blurred vision, dry mouth, and photosensitivity. They should consult a doctor before taking other medications, including over-the-counter ones.

A class of drugs that block the effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, reducing heart rate and blood pressure.

These β-blockers block both β1 and β2 receptors, impacting both the heart and lungs.

These β-blockers primarily target β1 receptors in the heart, minimizing effects on the lungs.

β-blockers can trigger serious adverse effects in patients with specific allergies or pre-existing heart conditions, so pre-administration assessments are crucial to ensure patient safety.

β-blockers can trigger bronchoconstriction, worsening symptoms in patients with asthma. This effect is more pronounced with nonselective β-blockers.

Stopping β-blockers abruptly can lead to rebound hypertension, tachycardia, and even heart attacks.

β-blockers can cause bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, heart failure, and bronchoconstriction.

Nursing considerations include assessing allergies, performing thorough cardiac assessments, monitoring for therapeutic and adverse effects, instructing patients about medication administration, and advising them about lifestyle modifications and potential interactions.

A severe complication of cholinergic drugs, characterized by excessive stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to potentially life-threatening symptoms.

Signs include circulatory collapse, hypotension, bloody diarrhea, shock, and cardiac arrest.

These drugs should not be used in patients with known allergies, GI/GU blockages, bradycardia, heart conduction problems, hyperthyroidism, epilepsy, hypotension, COPD, or Parkinson's disease, except for rivastigmine.

Overstimulation of the parasympathetic system can cause bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, conduction abnormalities, headache, dizziness, convulsions, ataxia, abdominal cramps, increased secretions, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, increased bronchial secretions, bronchospasms, lacrimation, sweating, salivation, and miosis.

These drugs increase acetylcholine levels at the receptor sites, leading to stimulation of effector cells, resulting in skeletal muscle contractions.

Receptors located throughout the body that respond to the sympathetic neurotransmitters: norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine.

Postsynaptic receptors that influence vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, and bladder sphincter contraction.

Presynaptic receptors that regulate the release of neurotransmitters, influencing vasoconstriction and CNS stimulation.

Postsynaptic receptors located mainly in the heart, responsible for increased heart rate, contractility, and conduction.

Postsynaptic receptors primarily in the lungs, causing bronchodilation and relaxation of smooth muscles.

Receptors that respond only to dopamine, influencing dilation of blood vessels in the kidneys, intestines, heart, and brain.

Drugs that bind directly to adrenergic receptors, mimicking the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Drugs that release stored catecholamines from nerve endings, indirectly triggering the activation of adrenergic receptors.

α-Adrenergic agonists stimulate α-receptors, leading to effects like vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) and relaxation of GI smooth muscles.

ß1-adrenergic agonists primarily affect the heart. They increase heart rate, contractility, and conduction through the AV node, essentially making the heart beat stronger and faster.

ß2-adrenergic agonists primarily target the airways, causing bronchodilation (relaxation of bronchi). They also have effects on uterine relaxation, glycogenolysis (sugar breakdown), and other areas.

Dobutamine is a selective ß1-adrenergic agonist used to increase cardiac output, particularly in patients with heart failure. It improves heart muscle contractility and stroke volume.

Bronchodilators are medications that relax smooth muscle in the bronchi, opening up the airways. This is crucial for conditions like asthma and bronchitis.

At low doses, dopamine dilates blood vessels in the brain, heart, kidneys, and mesentery, increasing blood flow to these areas.

At higher infusion rates, dopamine improves cardiac contractility and output by stimulating ß1-adrenergic receptors.

Epinephrine acts directly on both α- and ß-adrenergic receptors of tissues innervated by the SNS, making it a nonselective adrenergic agonist.

Norepinephrine stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction, and directly stimulates ß1-adrenergic receptors in the heart, improving contractility.

If a patient on a dobutamine drip reports pain and swelling at the IV site, the nurse should first stop the infusion.

These drugs stimulate α-receptors, causing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) and other effects like pupil dilation.

These drugs stimulate β-receptors, primarily affecting the heart and lungs, leading to increased heart rate, bronchodilation (opening of airways), and other effects.

β-blockers are contraindicated in patients with asthma because they can trigger bronchoconstriction, worsening breathing problems.

Stopping β-blockers suddenly can lead to serious rebound effects like high blood pressure, fast heartbeat, and even heart attacks.

Nurses must assess allergies, perform cardiac assessments, monitor for side effects, and educate patients about medication use when administering β-blockers.

Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, also known as cholinergic agonists or parasympathomimetics. They mimic the effects of acetylcholine (ACh).

Nicotinic receptors and Muscarinic receptors.

They bind directly to cholinergic receptors and activate them, mimicking the effects of acetylcholine (ACh).

Also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to increased ACh levels at the receptors.

They stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, resulting in effects like increased gastrointestinal motility, urinary frequency, pupillary constriction, increased salivation and sweating, decreased heart rate, vasodilation, and bronchial constriction.

Common side effects include bradycardia, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased bronchial secretions, bronchospasms, sweating, salivation, and miosis.

A concentrated blood product rich in clotting factors, particularly fibrinogen, factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor.

A blood product containing all clotting factors, used to replenish deficient clotting factors in patients.

A blood product primarily composed of red blood cells, used to increase oxygen-carrying capacity in patients with anemia or blood loss.

A blood product containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

An adverse reaction to a blood transfusion, often due to incompatibility between the donor and recipient's blood types.

Hyperkalemia is a condition with excessive potassium in the blood, usually above 5.5 mmol/L. It affects the heart rhythm, leading to possible v-fib and cardiac arrest.

Causes include potassium supplements, ACE inhibitors, kidney failure, excessive potassium loss from cells, potassium-sparing diuretics, burns, trauma, metabolic acidosis, and infections.

Hypokalemia is a condition where serum potassium is below 3.5 mmol/L. This deficiency affects muscle function, particularly the heart.

Hypokalemia can be caused by conditions like alkalosis, corticosteroid use, diarrhea, ketoacidosis, hyperaldosteronism, increased mineralocorticoid secretion, burns, thiazide diuretics, vomiting, malabsorption, and increased sodium intake.

Sodium, the most abundant positively charged electrolyte outside cells, is responsible for controlling water distribution, fluid and electrolyte balance, maintaining osmotic pressure of body fluids, and participating in acid-base balance.

Hyponatremia is a condition with low sodium levels in the blood, usually below 135 mmol/L. Symptoms include lethargy, stomach cramps, hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea, and seizures.

Hypernatremia is a condition where sodium levels rise above 145 mmol/L. Symptoms include water retention (edema), hypertension, red flushed skin, dry sticky mucous membranes, increased thirst, elevated temperature, and decreased urinary output.

Nurses must always assess the patient's baseline fluid volume and electrolyte status to identify any imbalances and implement appropriate interventions.

Diuretics work by increasing urine production, which helps eliminate excess water and sodium from the body.

Sodium plays a crucial role in diuretic action because water follows sodium in the nephrons, leading to increased urine output.

This part of the nephron reabsorbs the majority of sodium and water back into the bloodstream.

This section of the nephron reabsorbs a significant portion of sodium, further contributing to urine production.

This part of the nephron contributes to reabsorption of sodium and water, though to a lesser extent than the proximal tubule.

The final pathway for filtrate, the collecting duct influences the final concentration of urine by adjusting water reabsorption.

These diuretics block carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that aids in sodium and water reabsorption, leading to increased urine output.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors promote excretion of bicarbonate, sodium, water, and potassium, contributing to diuresis.

The pressure exerted by colloids (large molecules) in the blood vessels, pulling fluids into the vessel.

The pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls, pushing fluid out of the vessel.

A solution with the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma, causing no fluid shift between the vessels and tissues.

A solution with lower osmotic pressure than blood plasma, causing fluid to move out of the veins into the tissues.

A solution with higher osmotic pressure than blood plasma, causing fluid to move into the veins from the tissues.

Solutions containing electrolytes and fluids normally found in the body, but lacking proteins.

Protein substances that increase colloid oncotic pressure, pulling fluid from tissues into the bloodstream.

A naturally occurring protein in the liver, responsible for generating colloid oncotic pressure.

The only fluid that can carry oxygen, increasing oxygenation and expanding plasma volume.

Can cause edema, dilute plasma proteins, have short-lived effects, worsen acidosis or alkalosis with prolonged use.

These diuretics work in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules, interfering with the sodium-potassium exchange. They competitively bind to aldosterone receptors, blocking the resorption of sodium and water normally induced by aldosterone.