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Questions and Answers
What does HGA1C reflect?
What does HGA1C reflect?
Average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.
Which of the following conditions are causes of hypothyroidism? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following conditions are causes of hypothyroidism? (Select all that apply)
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (Select all that apply)
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (Select all that apply)
Hypothyroidism is characterized by low levels of T3 and T4 along with high TSH levels.
Hypothyroidism is characterized by low levels of T3 and T4 along with high TSH levels.
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What is the treatment for primary hypothyroidism?
What is the treatment for primary hypothyroidism?
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What is somatopause?
What is somatopause?
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Which of the following effects can aging have on the pancreas? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following effects can aging have on the pancreas? (Select all that apply)
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What is the function of amylin?
What is the function of amylin?
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Match the following hormones with their functions:
Match the following hormones with their functions:
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Study Notes
HbA1c
- Reflects average blood sugar levels over 2-3 months.
- Normal levels are 6.5%.
- Used for diabetes diagnosis, monitoring, and risk of complications.
- Plays a role in individual treatment goals.
Hypothyroidism
- Low thyroid hormone production (T3 & T4) by the thyroid gland.
- Increased TSH levels.
- Causes include:
- Hashimoto's disease
- Iodine deficiency
- Thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine treatment
- Medications
- Symptoms include:
- Fatigue and weakness
- Weight gain
- Cold intolerance
- Depression
- Dry skin, hair loss, brittle hair
- Goiter
- Constipation
- Slow heart rate
- Myxedema
- Diagnosed by measuring TSH, T3, and T4 levels.
- High TSH and low T3 & T4 indicate hypothyroidism.
- Lifelong treatment with Synthroid (levothyroxine).
Hyperthyroidism
- Excessive thyroid hormone production (T3 & T4) by the thyroid gland.
- Low TSH levels.
- Causes include:
- Graves' disease
- Thyroid nodules
- Thyroiditis
- Excessive iodine intake
- Medications
- Symptoms include:
- Weight loss
- High heart rate
- Heat intolerance & excessive sweating
- Anxiety
- Tremors
- Diarrhea
- Sleep disturbances
- Hair thinning
- Exophthalmos ("bulging eyes")
- Diplopia
- Diagnosed by measuring TSH, T3, and T4 levels.
- High T3 & T4 and low TSH indicate hyperthyroidism.
- Treatment includes:
- Methimazole or PTU (give PTU in the first trimester of pregnancy)
- Radioactive iodine therapy
- Thyroidectomy
Primary Hypothyroidism
- Thyroid gland is unable to produce sufficient T3 and T4.
- TSH levels increase as the pituitary gland attempts to compensate.
- Caused by:
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- Iodine deficiency
- Surgical removal
- Radioactive iodine therapy
- Medications
- Symptoms include:
- Cold intolerance
- Decreased sweating
- Depression/irritability
- Slow heart rate
- Weight gain
- Constipation
- Irregular and heavy periods
- Brittle nails
- Puffy face
- Goiter
- Muscle or joint pain
- Myxedema
Somatopause
- Age-related decline in GH levels, primarily affecting adults.
- Begins in middle age and progresses with age.
- Impact:
- Changes in body composition
- Decreased lean muscle mass
- Increased body fat
- Decreased metabolism, making weight loss more challenging
- Increased risk of type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance
- Decreased bone health, increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures
- Reduced energy levels and increased fatigue
Effects of Aging on Pancreas
- Impaired glucose intolerance and increased risk of diabetes.
- Pancreatic cells are replaced by fat.
- Decreased insulin secretion from beta cells.
- Insulin resistance due to decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors.
Amylin
- Co-secreted with insulin from beta cells of the pancreas.
- Regulates blood sugar by delaying gastric emptying and suppressing glucagon after meals.
- Contributes to a feeling of satiety.
Beta Cells
- Secrete insulin and amylin.
- Insulin:
- Promotes increased blood sugar levels.
- Sensitivity of insulin receptors increases.
- Facilitates potassium (K+) transport.
- Amylin:
- Regulates blood sugar by delaying gastric emptying and suppressing glucagon after meals.
- Contributes to a feeling of satiety.
GLP-1 and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
- Incretin hormones play a crucial role in postprandial insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on HbA1c's role in diabetes management and the causes, symptoms, and treatment of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Understand how thyroid hormone levels affect overall health and explore diagnosis and treatment options.
