Diabetes and Hormone Disorders Quiz

Multiple Choice Questions

• Hormone Involved in Diabetes: Insulin

• Causes of Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreatic cells damaged/autoimmune disease.

• Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Nausea, fatigue.

• Treatment for Diabetes: Monitor blood glucose; insulin injection.

• Type of Diabetes: Type 2 (hypersecretion) and Gestational diabetes mellitus also Diabetes insipidus - Type 1 (Hyposecretion)

• Definition of Type 1 Diabetes: Downgrowth of hypothalamic neural tissue, Neural connection to hypothalamus via (hypothalmic-hypophyseal tract), Nuclei of hypothalamus synthesize neurohormones (Oxytocin and ADH), Neurohormones transported and stored in posterior pituitary, Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Cerebellum, Thalamus

• Definition of Adrenal Gland Condition: autoimmune disorder, deficient aldosterone, weight loss, severe dehydration, hypotension (poor cardiac output), muscles weak, crushing syndrome, Addison's disease, Diabetes mellitus, Hyperthyroidism

• Function of LH in females: LH helps mature follicles of eggs, triggers ovulation and release of estrogen and progesterone.

• Function of LH in males: LH stimulates production of testosterone

• Function of Thyroid Gland Hormones:

• Function of Growth Hormone Disorders:

• Function of Gonadal Hormone production:

• Function of Anterior Pituitary Hormone:

• Major target of Insulin: Liver

• Function of Insulin: Causes increase blood glucose levels, Regulation: Humoral stimuli (homeostatic balance of blood glucose levels)

• Definition of Regulation : Regulates electrolytes (Na and K), H2O Follows Na+, Aldosterone most potent mineralocorticoid, Stimulates sodium ion reabsorption and water retention by kidneys; elimination of potassium ions, + Conserve Na, Excrete K+, Release triggered by:

  • Decreasing blood volume and blood pressure
  • Rising blood levels of potassium ion
  • Regulation: Humoral Stimuli (homeostatic balance of blood volume, BP, and levels of K+)

• Definition of Gonadocorticoids - Adrenal Cortex - Mineralocorticoids Anti-Diuretic hormone, Oxytocin, Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland, Vitamins in the Endocrine System, Neurotransmitters of the Central Nervous System, Enzymes of the Digestive System

• Adrenal Gland Condition (Definition): Tumor in pituitary, adrenal gland; too much medication, High glucose blood levels, loss in muscle and protein, salt/water retention. "buffalo hump" is redistributed to fat to posterior neck, Crushing syndrome, Acromegaly, Addison's disease

• Definition of Thyroid gland: 2 distinct portions (lobes), Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), Grandular tissue, Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), Neural tissue

• Definition of GH (Somatotropin): Source: Anterior Pituitary, Target: (primary) All cell, Bone and skeletal muscles most affected, Function: Directs action- on fat and carbohydrates metabolism, Indirect action- liver, skeletal muscle , Makes insulin-like growth factors = stimulating nutrient uptake, formation of collagen, bone deposit, Regulation: Hormonal stimuli GHRH, GHIH (somatostatin) from hypothalamus, Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland (GH)

• Definition of Most Significant Function of GH in Humans: Released in response to ACTH, Patterns of eating and activity, and stress, Target: Liver, Fat, Muscle, Functions: Increases glucose synthesis (liver), Gluconeogenesis promotes glucose, fatty acids, and AA, helps with stress ("glucose for the brain") Regulation: Hormonal stimuli ACTH from Ant Pit

• Definition of Hormones target: Uterus and breast, Functions: Stimulates labor (smooth muscle contraction) and milk ejection, Regulation: Neural stimuli triggered by sensory information of baby/suckling or stretch receptors in uterine walls/cervix, Oxytocin, Glucagon, Calcitonin, Insulin

• Definition of Kidney Hormone Function: Reduces water loss (inhibits urination); essential for water balance in body, Causes smooth muscle contraction (increases BP), Regulation: Neural stimuli based on info from osmoreceptors, Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Two organs: Adrenal medulla, Adrenal cortex, T4 (Thyroxine)

• Functions for Thyroid Hormone: Increases metabolism by increasing the rate of burning carbohydrates (Hyperthyroidism), Increases heat production (body temp), Increases growth (skeletal and nervous system), stimulates development (fetus), Maintains BP, Regulation: Hormonal stimuli, Pancreatic Islets, Gonadal Hormone Production, TH Function

• Thyroid Hormone (Definition): Two lateral lobes connected by the isthmus, On trachea, inferior to larynx, Follicular cells produce thyroglobulin, Colloid Filled Follicles- add iodine to thyroglobulin, Thyroid hormone precursor, Parafollicular cells produce Calcitonin (↓ blood calcium levels)

• Gigantism and Acromegaly: Gigantism - Hyper-secretion of GH in children, Acromegaly - Hyper-secretion of GH in adults, Pituitary dwarfism - hypo-secretion of GH in children, Osteoporosis, Epilepsy, Growth Hormone Disorders

• Addison Disease Symptoms: Thyroid Gland Hormones, Produced by parafollicular cells of the Thyroid Gland, Target: Bone, kidney, Functions: Lowers Blood Ca by increasing bone uptake, increases kidney excretion of Ca Regulation: Humoral stimulation (homeostatic balance Ca), Calcitonin, Oxytocin, Pancreas- Addison's disease

• Disorders of the Thyroid Gland: Myxedema (adults): low metabolic rate, cold sensitivity, poor appetite, sluggishness, Cretinism (infants): Stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, mental retardation, sluggishness, Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism