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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of the condition detailed in the description?
What is the primary cause of the condition detailed in the description?
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of the condition described?
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of the condition described?
What is the most appropriate treatment for the condition described?
What is the most appropriate treatment for the condition described?
What does the term 'polyuria' refer to within the context of the condition described?
What does the term 'polyuria' refer to within the context of the condition described?
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What is the role of LH in females?
What is the role of LH in females?
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What condition is characterized by deficient aldosterone and severe dehydration?
What condition is characterized by deficient aldosterone and severe dehydration?
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Which hormone primarily stimulates the liver to increase blood glucose levels?
Which hormone primarily stimulates the liver to increase blood glucose levels?
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What is the primary function of aldosterone?
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
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Which gland is responsible for synthesizing neurohormones like oxytocin and ADH?
Which gland is responsible for synthesizing neurohormones like oxytocin and ADH?
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What is the consequence of hypersecretion of insulin?
What is the consequence of hypersecretion of insulin?
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What is the main effect of decreased aldosterone levels?
What is the main effect of decreased aldosterone levels?
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Which statement accurately describes diabetes insipidus?
Which statement accurately describes diabetes insipidus?
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What hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels increase and primarily lowers blood glucose levels?
What hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels increase and primarily lowers blood glucose levels?
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Which hormone functions to stimulate labor and milk ejection from the breast?
Which hormone functions to stimulate labor and milk ejection from the breast?
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Which gland is described as having two distinct portions, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary?
Which gland is described as having two distinct portions, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary?
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Which hormone primarily acts on the kidneys to reduce water loss and help maintain blood pressure?
Which hormone primarily acts on the kidneys to reduce water loss and help maintain blood pressure?
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Cushing's syndrome can be a result of what hormonal imbalance?
Cushing's syndrome can be a result of what hormonal imbalance?
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Which hormone promotes gluconeogenesis and is released in response to stress and ACTH?
Which hormone promotes gluconeogenesis and is released in response to stress and ACTH?
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Which hormone decreases blood calcium levels by increasing bone uptake and kidney excretion?
Which hormone decreases blood calcium levels by increasing bone uptake and kidney excretion?
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What condition results from hyper-secretion of GH in adults, particularly affecting skeletal growth?
What condition results from hyper-secretion of GH in adults, particularly affecting skeletal growth?
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Which hormone is known to aid in fat and carbohydrate metabolism and is produced by the anterior pituitary?
Which hormone is known to aid in fat and carbohydrate metabolism and is produced by the anterior pituitary?
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Which condition is characterized by a low metabolic rate and cold sensitivity due to thyroid dysfunction?
Which condition is characterized by a low metabolic rate and cold sensitivity due to thyroid dysfunction?
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The mineralocorticoids are primarily responsible for regulating what in the body?
The mineralocorticoids are primarily responsible for regulating what in the body?
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What role does glucagon play in blood glucose regulation?
What role does glucagon play in blood glucose regulation?
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Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for producing catecholamines in response to stress?
Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for producing catecholamines in response to stress?
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What condition might result from a tumor in the pituitary or adrenal glands leading to hyper-secretion of hormones?
What condition might result from a tumor in the pituitary or adrenal glands leading to hyper-secretion of hormones?
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Study Notes
Multiple Choice Questions
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Hormone Involved in Diabetes: Insulin
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Causes of Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreatic cells damaged/autoimmune disease.
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Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Nausea, fatigue.
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Treatment for Diabetes: Monitor blood glucose; insulin injection.
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Type of Diabetes: Type 2 (hypersecretion) and Gestational diabetes mellitus also Diabetes insipidus - Type 1 (Hyposecretion)
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Definition of Type 1 Diabetes: Downgrowth of hypothalamic neural tissue, Neural connection to hypothalamus via (hypothalmic-hypophyseal tract), Nuclei of hypothalamus synthesize neurohormones (Oxytocin and ADH), Neurohormones transported and stored in posterior pituitary, Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Cerebellum, Thalamus
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Definition of Adrenal Gland Condition: autoimmune disorder, deficient aldosterone, weight loss, severe dehydration, hypotension (poor cardiac output), muscles weak, crushing syndrome, Addison's disease, Diabetes mellitus, Hyperthyroidism
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Function of LH in females: LH helps mature follicles of eggs, triggers ovulation and release of estrogen and progesterone.
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Function of LH in males: LH stimulates production of testosterone
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Function of Thyroid Gland Hormones:
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Function of Growth Hormone Disorders:
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Function of Gonadal Hormone production:
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Function of Anterior Pituitary Hormone:
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Major target of Insulin: Liver
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Function of Insulin: Causes increase blood glucose levels, Regulation: Humoral stimuli (homeostatic balance of blood glucose levels)
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Definition of Regulation : Regulates electrolytes (Na and K), H2O Follows Na+, Aldosterone most potent mineralocorticoid, Stimulates sodium ion reabsorption and water retention by kidneys; elimination of potassium ions, + Conserve Na, Excrete K+, Release triggered by:
- Decreasing blood volume and blood pressure
- Rising blood levels of potassium ion
- Regulation: Humoral Stimuli (homeostatic balance of blood volume, BP, and levels of K+)
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Definition of Gonadocorticoids - Adrenal Cortex - Mineralocorticoids Anti-Diuretic hormone, Oxytocin, Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland, Vitamins in the Endocrine System, Neurotransmitters of the Central Nervous System, Enzymes of the Digestive System
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Adrenal Gland Condition (Definition): Tumor in pituitary, adrenal gland; too much medication, High glucose blood levels, loss in muscle and protein, salt/water retention. "buffalo hump" is redistributed to fat to posterior neck, Crushing syndrome, Acromegaly, Addison's disease
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Definition of Thyroid gland: 2 distinct portions (lobes), Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), Grandular tissue, Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), Neural tissue
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Definition of GH (Somatotropin): Source: Anterior Pituitary, Target: (primary) All cell, Bone and skeletal muscles most affected, Function: Directs action- on fat and carbohydrates metabolism, Indirect action- liver, skeletal muscle , Makes insulin-like growth factors = stimulating nutrient uptake, formation of collagen, bone deposit, Regulation: Hormonal stimuli GHRH, GHIH (somatostatin) from hypothalamus, Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland (GH)
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Definition of Most Significant Function of GH in Humans: Released in response to ACTH, Patterns of eating and activity, and stress, Target: Liver, Fat, Muscle, Functions: Increases glucose synthesis (liver), Gluconeogenesis promotes glucose, fatty acids, and AA, helps with stress ("glucose for the brain") Regulation: Hormonal stimuli ACTH from Ant Pit
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Definition of Hormones target: Uterus and breast, Functions: Stimulates labor (smooth muscle contraction) and milk ejection, Regulation: Neural stimuli triggered by sensory information of baby/suckling or stretch receptors in uterine walls/cervix, Oxytocin, Glucagon, Calcitonin, Insulin
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Definition of Kidney Hormone Function: Reduces water loss (inhibits urination); essential for water balance in body, Causes smooth muscle contraction (increases BP), Regulation: Neural stimuli based on info from osmoreceptors, Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland, Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Two organs: Adrenal medulla, Adrenal cortex, T4 (Thyroxine)
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Functions for Thyroid Hormone: Increases metabolism by increasing the rate of burning carbohydrates (Hyperthyroidism), Increases heat production (body temp), Increases growth (skeletal and nervous system), stimulates development (fetus), Maintains BP, Regulation: Hormonal stimuli, Pancreatic Islets, Gonadal Hormone Production, TH Function
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Thyroid Hormone (Definition): Two lateral lobes connected by the isthmus, On trachea, inferior to larynx, Follicular cells produce thyroglobulin, Colloid Filled Follicles- add iodine to thyroglobulin, Thyroid hormone precursor, Parafollicular cells produce Calcitonin (↓ blood calcium levels)
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Gigantism and Acromegaly: Gigantism - Hyper-secretion of GH in children, Acromegaly - Hyper-secretion of GH in adults, Pituitary dwarfism - hypo-secretion of GH in children, Osteoporosis, Epilepsy, Growth Hormone Disorders
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Addison Disease Symptoms: Thyroid Gland Hormones, Produced by parafollicular cells of the Thyroid Gland, Target: Bone, kidney, Functions: Lowers Blood Ca by increasing bone uptake, increases kidney excretion of Ca Regulation: Humoral stimulation (homeostatic balance Ca), Calcitonin, Oxytocin, Pancreas- Addison's disease
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Disorders of the Thyroid Gland: Myxedema (adults): low metabolic rate, cold sensitivity, poor appetite, sluggishness, Cretinism (infants): Stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, mental retardation, sluggishness, Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism
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Description
Test your knowledge on diabetes and related hormone disorders. This quiz covers the types, causes, symptoms, and treatments of diabetes, as well as conditions associated with the adrenal gland. Challenge yourself to identify key concepts and definitions in endocrinology.
