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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of tropic hormones?
Which type of diabetes results from the pancreas not producing insulin due to immune system attacks?
What distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?
Which of the following hormones is classified as a glucocorticoid?
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Which mechanism describes the action of protein hormones?
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What role do prostaglandins play in the body?
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What is a characteristic of negative feedback in hormonal regulation?
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Which hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
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What are the two primary forms of thyroid hormone?
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Which condition is primarily caused by maternal hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency?
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What is a notable symptom of hyperthyroidism?
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What hormone is primarily regulated by calcium levels in the blood?
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What is the primary treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
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What metabolic condition is associated with excessive levels of ketones in the blood?
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What stimulates the release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland?
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Which gland is responsible for controlling the adenohypophysis?
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Study Notes
Adrenal Glands
- Produces Mineralocorticoids, Gonadocorticoids, and Glucocorticoids
- Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone, regulate electrolyte balance
- Gonadocorticoids: Estrogen and Testosterone, influence sexual development
- Glucocorticoids: Cortisol, regulates glucose levels, metabolism, long term stress, and gluconeogenesis
Tropic Hormones
- Tropic hormones target other endocrine glands, stimulating them to produce their own hormones
- Examples:
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
Diabetes Insipidus vs. Diabetes Mellitus
-
Diabetes Insipidus:
- Normal blood glucose levels
- Kidneys can't concentrate urine due to low levels of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Symptom: Polyuria (frequent urination)
-
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1:
- Pancreas does not produce insulin
- Immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells responsible for insulin production
- Symptom: Polyuria (frequent urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
-
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2:
- Pancreas produces less insulin, or the body becomes resistant to insulin
- Symptom: Polyuria (frequent urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- Potentially reversible
- All three types of diabetes share the symptom of Polyuria (frequent urination)
Exocrine vs. Endocrine Glands
- Exocrine glands: Secrete substances into a ductal system that leads to an epithelial tissue outside the body
- Endocrine glands: Secrete products directly into the bloodstream
Prostaglandins
- Affect several bodily functions, including inflammation and pain
Hormone Mechanisms of Activation
-
Protein Hormones:
- Bind to receptors on the cell surface
- Activate G-protein
- Activate Adenylcyclase (enzyme)
- Catalyze ATP conversion to cAMP (second messenger)
- cAMP activates Protein Kinase
- Relatively rapid action
-
Steroid Hormones:
- Enter the cell
- Bind to receptors in the nucleus
- Activate new genes
- New proteins are synthesized
- Relatively slow action
Positive vs. Negative Feedback
- Negative Feedback: Prevents excessive response to a stimulus
- Positive Feedback: Intensifies the response until an endpoint is reached
Thyroid Hormone
- Thyroid Hormone controls metabolism, growth, and other bodily functions
-
Two forms:
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)
Cretinism and Pituitary Dwarfism
- Cretinism: Caused by maternal hypothyroidism, often due to iodine deficiency
-
Pituitary Dwarfism:
- Caused by brain tumors, diseases affecting pituitary or hypothalamus
- Head trauma, radiation therapy, or autoimmune conditions like lymphocytic hypophysitis
- Reduced Growth Hormone (GH)
Hyperthyroidism vs. Hypothyroidism
-
Hyperthyroidism:
- Thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone
- Symptoms: muscle weakness, trouble sleeping, irregular heartbeat, etc.
- Exophthalmos (bulging of the eyes)
-
Hypothyroidism:
- Thyroid gland produces too little thyroid hormone
- Symptoms: fatigue, weight gain, joint/muscle pain, puffy face, etc.
PTH, Calcitonin, Glucagon, and Insulin
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Levels are controlled by a feedback loop based on calcium levels in the blood
- Calcitonin: Thyroid gland releases Calcitonin based on calcium levels in the blood. High calcium levels trigger release, lowering calcium levels.
- Glucagon: Released based on circulating glucose levels, increasing glucose levels
- Insulin: Released based on plasma glucose concentration, decreasing glucose levels when high
Gluconeogenesis
- Process of generating glucose from breakdown products of lipids, proteins, or its original components
- Occurs when glucose supply is low
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Hypothalamus: Controls secretions of the Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
- Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary): Structural foundation for neurohumoral system coordinating fluid balance and reproductive function
Ketoacidosis
- Occurs when blood becomes acidic due to high ketone levels
- Caused by a lack of insulin (characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes)
- Leads to Metabolic Acidosis
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of the endocrine system, including the functions of adrenal glands and various tropic hormones. Additionally, it distinguishes between Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes Mellitus. Test your knowledge on hormones, their functions, and the regulatory mechanisms involved.
