Research Week 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the cerebral spinal fluid mentioned in the passage?

  • To circulate around the brain and spinal cord as a cushion against jolts. (correct)
  • To provide structural support to the brain and spinal cord.
  • To produce nutrients for the central nervous system.
  • To create a barrier against external pathogens.

    • Which layer covers the outermost part of the spinal cord according to the passage?

  • Dura mater (correct)
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Cerebral spinal fluid
  • Pia mater

    • Where is cerebral spinal fluid produced according to the passage?

  • Around the outside of the brain stem
  • Through the spinal cord itself
  • Inside the ventricular system in the brain (correct)
  • In the arachnoid mater

    • Apart from mitigating shocks, what other function does cerebral spinal fluid serve according to the passage?

    <p>It offers a nutritive function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of reviewing selected concepts in Unit 1.9 for registered respiratory therapists?

    <p>To prepare for the clinical research practicum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an astrocyte in the central nervous system?

    <p>Support and protect neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cardiopulmonary centers located in the brain?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in intracranial pressure lead to?

    <p>Intracranial pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key components of a neuron?

    <p>Cell soma, axon, terminal glutons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disorders for respiratory therapists entering the Spinal Cord Injury Center?

    <p>To understand the impact on breathing due to neurological conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the blood flow through the capillary is significantly reduced for more than four minutes?

    <p>Astrocyte swells irreversibly, leading to a condition known as 'no reflow'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pontine respiratory center in the brainstem?

    <p>Make ventilation smooth and easy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the medulla contain that can increase or decrease the rate of cardiac contraction?

    <p>Cardio-inhibitory and cardio-acceleratory centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if there is an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the body?

    <p>The ventral respiratory group will decrease its rate or depth of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to irreversible changes in the brain if it occurs for more than four minutes?

    <p>Cutting off the blood supply to a section of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group in the brainstem?

    <p>Integrate information about carbon dioxide levels to control breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the primary motor cortex located in relation to the primary somatosensory cortex?

    <p>In front of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pontine respiratory center in the brainstem?

    <p>Make ventilation smooth and easy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brainstem is responsible for increasing or decreasing the rate of cardiac contraction?

    <p>Cardio-inhibitory and cardio-acceleratory centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major influence on the heart, according to the passage?

    <p>Influence from the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what kind of injury does the brain hit the posterior aspect of the brain as a result of snapping back inside the cranium?

    <p>Contracoup injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a shift in the brain due to an accumulation of blood pushing it to move in certain directions?

    <p>Brain herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if there is long-term compression of the cardiomotor centers inside the brainstem?

    <p>Cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be placed into the skull to monitor changes and potentially decrease intracranial pressure?

    <p>Monitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a subdural hematoma?

    <p>Accumulation of blood underneath the dura pushing up against the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major types of brain trauma shown in the upper left?

    <p>Coup injury and contracoup injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a contracoup injury commonly caused?

    <p>By rapid forward movement followed by a snap back causing impact to the posterior aspect of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there's a shift in the brain due to an accumulation of blood pushing it to move in certain directions?

    <p>Brain tries to exit through foramen magnum causing compression of the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of intracerebral hematoma?

    <p>Changes in astrocyte functionality and neuronal changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective covering is very closely adherent to the spinal cord?

    <p>Pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ASIA classification denote for individuals with spinal cord injuries?

    <p>Levels of injury and impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is responsible for converting the electrical signal into a chemical signal in the form of a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens as the action potential propagates down the axon?

    <p>It jumps from one node to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the myelin surrounding the axon?

    <p>To insulate the axon and increase the speed of action potential propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microtubules in the context mentioned in the text?

    <p>Serving as a highway for sending neurotransmitter-filled vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of astrocytes in relation to neurons as described in the text?

    <p>Supporting neurons physically and physiologically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of end feet of astrocytes in relation to neurons and capillaries?

    <p>Connecting capillaries to neurons and vice versa for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the function of astrocytes in protecting neurons from foreign substances?

    <p>Blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of astrocytes connecting to capillaries, neurons, and end feet?

    <p>Guardian role for delivering oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of nodes of Ranvier?

    <p>The speed with which the action potential propagates down the axon is increased dramatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do microtubules use as a highway for sending neurotransmitter-filled vesicles?

    <p>Tubulin polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of paralysis can occur due to lesions in the upper motor neuron?

    <p>Spastic paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the corticospinal tracts begin?

    <p>The cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the left part of the brain in controlling muscle sets?

    <p>Controls muscle sets on the right side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur due to lesions in the upper motor neuron?

    <p>Inability to move and ventilate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of both spastic and flaccid paralysis?

    <p>Inability to move or ventilate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the corticospinal tracts synapse with fibers present in the spinal cord?

    <p>Spinal cord itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the phrenic nerve?

    <p>Controls inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of spinal cord injuries, at which level would a patient have 50% preservation of diaphragm function?

    <p>C4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the heart and lungs?

    <p>Decreases heart rate and dilates bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal state of affairs regarding the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic functions in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Balanced control between sympathetic and parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when fibers coming down from the brain are unable to enter the spinal cord due to a cervical spinal cord injury?

    <p>Heart rate increases and bronchi constrict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if there is a C2 spinal cord injury?

    <p>No preservation of diaphragm function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sympathetic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Increases heart rate and constricts bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic fibers mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Increase airway secretion production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a quadriplegic individual from a paraplegic individual, based on the given passage?

    <p>In quadriplegic patients, the lower half and arms are involved, while in paraplegic patients, only the lower half is involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there parasympathetic predominance in patients with a cervical spinal cord injury, as per the passage?

    <p>Sympathetic influences are blocked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the red areas shown in the figures of the quadriplegic and paraplegic patients?

    <p>The red areas represent functional loss in both quadriplegic and paraplegic patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes working with patients having spinal cord injuries difficult, as mentioned in the passage?

    <p>They need to be on the mechanical ventilator until they stabilize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the take-home message regarding spinal cord injuries, as mentioned in the passage?

    <p>It depends on the type of injury how it affects specific body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of five-year survival rate is observed in patients weaned from the mechanical ventilator according to the best available scientific literature mentioned in the passage?

    <p>84%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a paraplegic patient with incomplete spinal cord injury from a paraplegic patient with complete spinal cord injury?

    <p>A paraplegic patient with incomplete spinal cord injury has some sparing of sensory or motor function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is weaning from the ventilator particularly important for patients with cervical spinal cord injuries, based on the passage?

    <p>To reduce lung problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of nodes of Ranvier in relation to spinal cord injuries?

    <p>Nodes of Ranvier are an indication of potential recovery in spinal cord injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major influence on the heart, as per the passage?

    <p>Parasympathetic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the functional loss in quadriplegic and paraplegic patients?

    <p>Functional loss affects different body parts in quadriplegic and paraplegic patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spinal cord injury is most common, according to the passage?

    <p>Torsion and twisting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the injury type affect the involvement of body parts in paraplegic and quadriplegic individuals?

    <p>The type of injury determines whether arms are involved for both paraplegics and quadriplegics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ASIA A classification for individuals with spinal cord injuries, based on the explanation in the passage?

    <p>'Complete' injury without any spared area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a paraplegic patient having an incomplete spinal cord injury?

    <p>There is potential sparing of sensory or motor function for the patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'ASIA C' classification for spinal cord injuries indicates:

    <p>'Incomplete' injury with partial involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the worst possible outcome for spinal cord injury as per the passage?

    <p>The worst outcome is when there is no involvement of arms along with leg paralysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality in patients with spinal cord injuries, according to the passage?

    <p>Use of mechanical ventilators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a quadriplegic patient from a paraplegic patient based on their injuries?

    <p>Involvement of arms and legs varies between quadriplegics and paraplegics due to different types of injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does progressive increase and strength training serve in managing patients with spinal cord injuries, as per the passage?

    <p>To optimize muscular function and help recover functionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key components used clinically for rating a patient's functionality, as mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Glasgow Coma scale and ASIA scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of spinal cord injuries, what causes spastic paralysis?

    <p>Loss of control from the brain leading to incessant firing of lower fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of flaccid paralysis in the context of spinal cord injuries?

    <p>Intact corticospinal fibers with no connection at the level of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about patterns of spinal cord injury from the provided information?

    <p>They result in different presentations and patterns for different patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes simultaneous contraction of both the right and left hemidiaphragm during breathing?

    <p>Action potentials coming down both the right and left phrenic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the phrenic nerve in enabling deep breaths?

    <p>Innervating the right and left hemidiaphragms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by extensive hemorrhaging in the anterior portions of the spinal cord?

    <p>Loss of function and severe pathological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is denoted by preserved peripheral parts of the spinal cord in a patient with hemorrhaging in the central part?

    <p>Relatively spared damage compared to other areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to lead to different preservation of function in patients with spinal cord injuries?

    <p>'Patient-specific' injury patterns resulting in different functional preservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a particular patient's spinal cord shows some hemorrhaging in the central part but relatively preserved peripheral part?

    <p>'Patient-specific' injury pattern unique to that patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by three patients with spinal cord injuries having patterns that look different?

    <p>Differences in presentation and patterns for different patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to simultaneous contraction of both right and left hemidiaphragm during breathing?

    <p>Action potentials coming down both right and left phrenic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about patterns of spinal cord injury from provided information?

    <p>They result in different presentations and patterns for different patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autonomic dysreflexia?

    <p>A pathological reflex that occurs in individuals with some types of neurotrauma or neurodegeneration causing a dangerous increase in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers autonomic dysreflexia in individuals with spinal cord injuries?

    <p>A full bladder sending a stimulus into the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a full bladder stimulus in individuals with spinal cord injuries?

    <p>A massive sympathetic response leading to widespread vasoconstriction and a significant increase in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having a team working with patients with autonomic dysreflexia?

    <p>To drive the process in a positive direction and prevent deadly complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does autonomic dysreflexia lead to a dangerous increase in blood pressure?

    <p>Due to widespread vasoconstriction caused by a massive sympathetic response below the level of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about autonomic dysreflexia from the passage?

    <p>It can potentially be a deadly complication for patients with neurotrauma or neurodegeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a Neuro RRT?

    <p>Designing evidence-based protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is research considered a central part of a Neuro RTS job description?

    <p>To implement evidence-based protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the chest optimization protocol for patient recovery?

    <p>It plays a vital role before strength and endurance training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do veteran patients referred to the Tampa VA primarily come from?

    <p>Nationwide community and military referrals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes poly trauma from other types of trauma?

    <p>Involves trauma to multiple body areas at once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a patient has a C3 Asia A injury?

    <p>Complete injury with poor prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major responsibility of an ARTP focusing on neuro respiratory care?

    <p>Case management and neuro respiratory rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the transdisciplinary team do with the scientific literature?

    <p>Incorporate findings into protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury is referred to as poly trauma?

    <p>Involves trauma to multiple body areas at once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes poly trauma from other types of trauma?

    <p>Involves trauma to multiple body areas at once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a patient has a C3 Asia A injury?

    <p>Complete injury with poor prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major influence on the heart, according to the passage?

    <p>Sympathetic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microtubules in the context mentioned in the text?

    <p>Conducting neurotransmitter-filled vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if there is a C2 spinal cord injury?

    <p>Quadriplegia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the left part of the brain in controlling muscle sets?

    <p>Coordinating voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the myelin surrounding the axon?

    <p>Speeding up nerve conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes simultaneous contraction of both the right and left hemidiaphragm during breathing?

    <p>Phrenic nerve stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the corticospinal tracts begin?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about patterns of spinal cord injury from the provided information?

    <p>They are unpredictable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if there is an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the body?

    <p>Increase in respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when fibers coming down from the brain are unable to enter the spinal cord due to a cervical spinal cord injury?

    <p>Spastic paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to lead to different preservation of function in patients with spinal cord injuries?

    <p>Location of injury along the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of both spastic and flaccid paralysis?

    <p>Loss of voluntary muscle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of presenting a case study in the medical field?

    <p>To provide learning opportunities for the medical team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of institutional review board (IRB) approval in the context of using patient information?

    <p>To ensure ethical use of patient information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the title of the case study presented at a summit conference in Jacksonville?

    <p>Intensive Neuro-Respiratory Rehabilitation Following Olfactory Sheathing Cell Implantation in Ventilator and Pacer-Dependent Veteran</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury did the 30-year-old Hispanic male sustain during combat?

    <p>Cervical vertebrae injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medical intervention was performed due to the combat-related injury?

    <p>Emergency tracheotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of battle situation did the service member sustain the combat-related injury?

    <p>Ambush warfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of presenting a case series in addition to individual case studies?

    <p>To provide a holistic view of rare medical cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of an N-of-1 study or an N-equal-to-1 study?

    <p>To provide learning opportunities for the medical team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of turning around to reload his gun in relation to the combat-related injury?

    <p>It caused a direct impact on the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate medical intervention was performed during the combat situation?

    <p>Emergency tracheotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the chest optimization protocol?

    <p>Decreasing complications like atelectasis and pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of positioning the patient in Trendelenburg as part of the chest optimization protocol?

    <p>It helps in improving surfactant production in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mechanical in-ex ciflation primarily aim to address?

    <p>Atelectasis and consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is chest-vest percussion used with neurological patients?

    <p>To remove secretions and aid in suctioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using bed-based thoracic vibration?

    <p>To enhance delivery of bronchodilators to basilar alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of providing resistance and endurance training to patients with cervical spinal cord injury?

    <p>To improve the length of spontaneous breathing trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chest optimization fit into the daily regimen for patients with cervical spinal cord injury?

    <p>It is at the base of the therapeutic pyramid for therapy implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using mechanical hyperinflation as part of the protocol?

    <p>To decrease mucus plugging and pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using speed of mobilization as part of the chest optimization protocol?

    <p>It helps decrease complications like atelectasis and pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of airway bronchodilation in the context of the chest optimization protocol?

    <p>To address parasympathetic predominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chest optimization contribute to improving cardiopulmonary variables?

    <p>By enhancing delivery of bronchodilators to basilar alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using Trundlenburg position in the context of lung hyperinflation?

    <p>To assist with thoracodilation in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended tidal volume for individuals placed on the assist control mode during lung hyperinflation?

    <p>15 milliliters per kilogram of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of using a small-volume nebulizer along with lung hyperinflation?

    <p>To provide bronchodilator effectively to the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiologic variables can be monitored using volumetric capnography in spinal cord injury patients receiving chest optimization protocol?

    <p>Static chest compliance and alveolar tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the two-hour spontaneous breathing trial aim to assess in spinal cord injury patients?

    <p>Ability to breathe without mechanical ventilation support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a case study from an experimental study or clinical trial?

    <p>It focuses on a single patient's medical case without a control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of telling a case study according to the passage?

    <p>To observe a single patient's medical case without comparison to a control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between case studies and experimental studies?

    <p>Focus on a single patient's medical case without comparison to a control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information can be obtained from volumetric capnography in spinal cord injury patients?

    <p>Alveolar tidal volume and cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the postcondition shown in yellow bars in the two-hour spontaneous breathing trial indicate?

    <p>An increase in spontaneous breathing ability compared to precondition shown in blue bars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of volumetric capnography in clinical practice, as described in the passage?

    <p>To assess respiratory variables such as alveolar tidal volume and static chest compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of volumetric capnography as mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Assessing pulmonary function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual destination for service members who need neuro-respiratory rehabilitation, as stated in the passage?

    <p>Walter Reed Medical Center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ventilator is mentioned in the passage as being used in Phase I neuro-rehabilitation rehab?

    <p>Mechanical ventilator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do individuals generally go if they cannot be stabilized in the MASH unit, according to the passage?

    <p>Landstuhl Medical Center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medical center is mentioned as a major center in Germany for treating injured service members?

    <p>Landstuhl Medical Center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After receiving chest optimization, what other therapeutics did the patient receive, as mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Physical therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using an abdominal binder in the described protocol?

    <p>To increase blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have a predominance of slow twitch fibers in mechanically ventilated patients?

    <p>Because slow twitch fibers are resistant to fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with a C3 complete injury, what percentage of the diaphragm is functional?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between 21st century diaphragmatic pacing and 20th century diaphragmatic pacing?

    <p>21st century pacing uses laparoscopic surgery, while 20th century pacing uses open chest surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a stimulator probe in diaphragmatic implantation?

    <p>To map motor points on the underside of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the use of laparoscopic surgery allow in diaphragmatic pacing?

    <p>Visualizing the underside of the diaphragm during surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about slow twitch fibers in the diaphragm?

    <p>They have a high resistance to fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the fact that 21st-century diaphragmatic pacing uses laparoscopic surgery?

    <p>It reduces complications and recovery time compared to open chest surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the wire implanted in the musculature during diaphragmatic pacing?

    <p>It contracts the diaphragm by shooting electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult for individuals with a C3 complete injury to ventilate?

    <p>Because only about 25% of their diaphragm is functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using an electrode with a hemostat-like device during laparoscopic diaphragmatic pacing?

    <p>To go up to the underside of the diaphragm and test for motor points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of maintaining normal blood pressure in individuals with spinal cord injuries?

    <p>It addresses a common problem associated with spinal cord injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of statistics are used to make inferences about group means?

    <p>Inferential statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a double blind study, who is/are unaware of the intervention that the patients are receiving?

    <p>Both the researchers and the patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a p-value of less than or equal to 0.05 indicate?

    <p>The experimental outcome is statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of an experimental design?

    <p>To determine how to extract information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experimental group and a control group, why is it important for them to be very similar?

    <p>To minimize bias in the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'mean' represent in statistics?

    <p>The average of a group of scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does standard deviation measure in statistics?

    <p>The spread of scores around the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using a representative sample in statistical analysis?

    <p>To generalize from a small sample to a larger population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a single blind study typically involve?

    <p>Researchers not knowing patients' interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a registered respiratory therapist in the context of the given passage?

    <p>Connecting and setting the parameters for a diaphragmatic pacer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the mucosa from the cribriform plate in the experimental procedure described in the passage?

    <p>It contains special nerve cells that can be transplanted into the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of using the Erigo machine in the patient's rehabilitation?

    <p>To improve motor and sensory function after stem cell implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of astrocytes in relation to neurons as described in the passage?

    <p>They provide physical and physiological support for neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the patient's rehabilitation regimen based on the provided information?

    <p>It aims to improve both motor and sensory function after stem cell implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when olfactory sheathing cells are transplanted into the spinal cord, based on the information in the passage?

    <p>They stimulate the growth of myelin sheaths around damaged nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key purpose of utilizing spring-loaded valves in strength training for patients with spinal cord injuries?

    <p>To provide resistance and endurance training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of transplanting olfactory sheathing cells into the spinal cord?

    <p>Promotion of neurological improvement and nerve repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an Erigo machine from a robotic walking machine?

    <p>The focus on improving motor and sensory function after stem cell implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key tasks of a registered respiratory therapist regarding the diaphragmatic pacer?

    <p>Setting parameters such as rate and tidal volume for the pacer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of using spring-loaded valves during strength training for patients with spinal cord injuries?

    <p>To offer resistance and endurance training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a registered respiratory therapist play in managing patients on a diaphragmatic pacer?

    <p>Setting parameters and managing patient while on the pacer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason for undertaking the study mentioned in the passage?

    <p>To determine the impact of body positioning on the patient's ability to do a spontaneous breathing trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable in the study mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Body positioning (Kronenberg or Supine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the independent variable referred to as 'independent'?

    <p>Because it is manipulated and controlled by the researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependent variable in the study mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Spontaneous breathing trial duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the hypothesis for this study, as mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Trindelenburg position would be associated with a longer spontaneous breathing trial duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason for conducting spontaneous breathing training in an upright position?

    <p>To standardize the training procedure across both experimental groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of chest optimization protocol, as mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Body positioning, immobilization, airway bronchodilation, and mechanical hyperinflation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was it important to control for other variables in the experimental design?

    <p>To minimize the impact of confounding variables on the study outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of placing patients in either Kronenberg or Supine positions?

    <p>To investigate the impact of body positioning on spontaneous breathing trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was discussed in the introduction to the scientific article mentioned in the passage?

    <p>All information presented on the slide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we know about chest optimization from previous exposure, as per the passage?

    <p>It consists of body positioning, immobilization, airway bronchodilation, and mechanical hyperinflation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of a randomized control trial, as mentioned in the passage?

    <p>It involves comparing the experimental group against the control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the null hypothesis in experimental research?

    <p>To reject any difference between group means until proven otherwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to have a control group in a randomized control trial?

    <p>To improve confidence in detecting differences between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a randomized control trial, what is typically used as the first test to compare means of two groups?

    <p>T-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of approval is required before conducting a study as described in the passage?

    <p>Approval from multiple institutional review boards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for placing the individual on a mechanical ventilator at night in the case study?

    <p>To provide rest to the diaphragm after using diaphragmatic pacer throughout the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the diaphragmatic pacer mentioned in the case study?

    <p>To mimic natural breathing by stimulating the diaphragm muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to include specific information in a case study or journal article before publication, according to the passage?

    <p>To provide relevant details for replication and understanding of the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for using a t-test as the first statistical analysis in a randomized control trial?

    <p>To determine if there's a statistically significant difference between means of two groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a randomized control trial from other types of studies, according to the passage?

    <p>It compares an experimental group with a non-treatment control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to have both an experimental group and a control group in a randomized control trial?

    <p>To improve confidence in detecting differences between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a null hypothesis from an alternative hypothesis in experimental research?

    <p>The null hypothesis assumes no difference until proven otherwise, while alternative hypothesis assumes there's always a significant difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study is described based on the gathering of data as the study proceeds?

    <p>Prospective study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of the group of individuals before they were assigned to their respective groups?

    <p>Concurrent group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for a study that involves collecting patients together, assigning them, having them go through the experiment, and collecting the data?

    <p>Interventional study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the individuals who received documentation from the institutional review board and decided to participate in the study?

    <p>Subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the method where each individual in the database gave informed consent and received documentation from the institutional review board?

    <p>Informed consent process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the process of stratifying individuals according to specific criteria before conducting a study?

    <p>Stratification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between position one and position two in the ventilator circuit diagram for the different types of nebulizers?

    <p>Position one has a higher pressure than position two, allowing for better atomization of the medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using a Fischer-Picot heater in the test lung setup?

    <p>To warm and humidify the air before it enters the mechanical circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having different types of nebulizers strategically placed along the mechanical circuit?

    <p>It enables customization of medication delivery based on patient's specific needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the filters play in the test lung setup?

    <p>To remove particulate matter from the inhaled air before it enters the mechanical circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a retrospective study?

    <p>A study that looks at information already present, like in a patient's chart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of experimental designs, what does it mean when individuals are allowed to cross over?

    <p>They are exposed to both types of interventions during the course of the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the statistical analyses used in the study mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Repeated measures analysis of variance, multiple linear regression analyses, and paired t-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental function of the NM3 device mentioned in the passage?

    <p>To generate volumetric capnogram by combining N-tidal CO2 signal with airflow signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using Trundlenburg position in the context of lung hyperinflation?

    <p>To facilitate chest optimization protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if patients were deemed ready, willing, and able to undertake a two-hour spontaneous breathing trial?

    <p>Patients had the potential to make it to the two-hour mark and were considered ready to do so</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiologic variables can be measured using volumetric capnography?

    <p>Cardiopulmonary variables such as static compliance and alveolar metabolic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'ASIA C' classification for spinal cord injuries indicates:

    <p>Incomplete injury with motor function preserved below the neurological level and at least half of key muscles below the neurological level having a muscle grade less than 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to lead to different preservation of function in patients with spinal cord injuries?

    <p>Varying degrees of compression on the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of statistical analysis was performed on the data for the post-CRP research skill scores?

    <p>Analysis of variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a p-value of less than 0.001 in the context of the research findings?

    <p>The findings are statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for performing a t-test?

    <p>Mean and standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was an analysis of variance performed instead of a t-test for the post-CRP research skill scores?

    <p>There were three or more groups in the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the p-value provide insight into in statistical analysis?

    <p>The likelihood of obtaining the observed results by chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do descriptive statistics typically include?

    <p>Mean and standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the online cohort's acquisition of skills compare to the on-site cohort's in the research findings?

    <p>On-site cohort performed better</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main focus of the changes made in the educational program based on the research findings?

    <p>Addressing skill level deficiencies in on-site cohort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for performing a t-test?

    <p>Mean and standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a p-value of less than 0.001 indicate about the research findings?

    <p>They are statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of statistical analysis is suitable when there are three or more groups?

    <p>Analysis of variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a p-value provide insight into in statistical analysis?

    <p>Likelihood of obtaining observed results by chance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Clinical Research Practicum at Hillsborough Community College?

    <p>Training students in evidence-based protocols for ventilator-dependent patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the NM3 monitor in the Clinical Research Practicum?

    <p>To measure physiologic variables of patients on a mechanical ventilator with ALS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do clinical educators play in the research process at Hillsborough Community College?

    <p>Imparting knowledge to students based on research findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using the statistical package SPSS 27 in educational research?

    <p>To mine for data to understand perspectives in educational practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the natural experiment that occurred at Hillsborough Community College?

    <p>The improvement in the clinical rehabilitation program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major components of the Clinical Research Practicum at Hillsborough Community College?

    <p>Training students in evidence-based protocols for ventilator-dependent patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of using the NM3 monitor in the Clinical Research Practicum?

    <p>To measure physiologic variables of patients on a mechanical ventilator with ALS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do students play in using the NM3 monitor during the Clinical Research Practicum?

    <p>Measuring physiologic variables of patients on a mechanical ventilator with ALS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the role of clinical educators from that of clinical researchers at Hillsborough Community College?

    <p>Imparting knowledge to students based on research findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key contributions toward establishing the Clinical Research Practicum at Hillsborough Community College?

    <p>The partnership with the HCC Foundation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary outcomes of conducting clinical research at Hillsborough Community College?

    <p>The improvement in the clinical rehabilitation program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key components of conducting research as an educator at Hillsborough Community College?

    <p>Imparting knowledge to students based on research findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of having 12 individuals go through the supine position in the study mentioned in the passage?

    <p>To increase the total number of participants in the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was it important to change the translucent screen to an opaque screen during the data acquisition process?

    <p>To prevent experimental bias from affecting the data collection process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the cardiac output differences between the group placed in trendomper and the group placed in supine after chest optimization?

    <p>Trendomper had a statistically significant increase in cardiac output compared to supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the alveolar minute volume based on the data presented?

    <p>Trendomper resulted in a much greater alveolar minute volume compared to supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the differences in spontaneous breathing trial duration between trendomper and supine?

    <p>Trendomper resulted in a statistically significant longer spontaneous breathing trial duration compared to supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the impact of chest optimization in trendomper on spontaneous breathing trial duration?

    <p>Chest optimization in trendomper significantly increased spontaneous breathing trial duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a t-test probability value of 0.0001 for the differences in spontaneous breathing trial duration?

    <p>The differences are statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for considering this information from a randomized control trial?

    <p>To assess the impact of different positions on physiological variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for researchers to acknowledge that things don't go perfectly in research?

    <p>To manage expectations about research outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by the fact that there was virtually no difference between the groups at the beginning of the experiment?

    <p>Effective randomization and stratification of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

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