Developmental Science Theories Quiz
60 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What describes the difference between scientific theories and folk theories?

  • Scientific theories are open to debate, whereas folk theories are rarely discussed. (correct)
  • Scientific theories are based on personal experience, while folk theories must be supported by data.
  • Folk theories are based on scientific data, while scientific theories are based on opinion.
  • Folk theories are more coherent and clearly defined compared to scientific theories.

Which aspect does NOT influence personal development according to the content?

  • Physical exercise habits (correct)
  • Location
  • Cultural background
  • Genetics

Which of the following factors is least likely to affect how someone interacts with children?

  • Personal beliefs about parenting
  • Theoretical understanding of child development
  • Academic performance in childhood (correct)
  • Personal history with children

What is a key distinction between qualitative and quantitative views of developmental change?

<p>Qualitative describes distinct changes, while quantitative describes gradual changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason why theories are important in developmental science?

<p>They guide research directions and methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do folk theories primarily differ from scientific theories?

<p>Folk theories are based on personal experience and opinions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a discontinuous view of developmental change?

<p>An adolescent's transition into adulthood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key issue relates to the role of genetics in development?

<p>To what extent does nature outweigh nurture? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic indicates that a developmental stage is distinct?

<p>Qualitative changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range does 'infancy' cover in developmental stages?

<p>0-2 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining factor of scientific methods used in developmental psychology?

<p>Reliability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are children considered a special population in research?

<p>They are more likely to be influenced by authority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of observation as a research method?

<p>It can be very time-consuming. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage follows early childhood in the developmental stages?

<p>Later childhood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a data collection method for studying children?

<p>Cognitive bias testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of questionnaire involves asking about past behaviors?

<p>Retrospective questionnaire. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical issue was associated with the Robber’s Cave Experiment?

<p>Unknown participation status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of a repeated measures design?

<p>Subjects experience multiple conditions sequentially. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for personal biases influencing ideas about development?

<p>Folk theories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which preference do infants tend to show in preferential looking studies?

<p>Preference for complex and high-contrast visuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is not typically considered objective in research?

<p>Personal anecdotes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant disadvantage of gaining information through parental reports?

<p>Parents can be biased in their observations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about nature vs. nurture?

<p>It is always one or the other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do experiments typically differ from observational studies?

<p>Experiments involve manipulation of variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not influence the choice of research methods?

<p>Availability of snacks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is crucial to determine when selecting a research method?

<p>The specific research question being asked. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue with variations in research findings across different cultures?

<p>It complicates theoretical uniformity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration is particularly relevant for children with autism in research?

<p>Assessing their understanding and ability to give assent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of a double-blind experimental design provides an advantage?

<p>It minimizes placebo effects during the study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concern related to the study involving Iowa's Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home?

<p>Induced psychological harm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental theorist focused specifically on cognitive development?

<p>Piaget (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does generalizability in research refer to?

<p>Applicability of results to wider populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary disadvantage of longitudinal studies?

<p>They may involve significant subject attrition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes microgenetic research designs?

<p>Numerous observations during a brief time interval. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a cohort effect?

<p>Variations stemming from experiences shared by a generation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study design combines the strengths of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?

<p>Accelerated longitudinal designs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cross-sectional designs, what is a key consideration when choosing age groups?

<p>The importance of key developmental milestones at those ages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical disadvantage of microgenetic designs?

<p>They can be costly and labor-intensive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major achievement during the embryonic stage of prenatal development?

<p>Bone cells start to form. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the development of new neurons during brain development?

<p>Cell proliferation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of cross-sectional studies?

<p>They provide immediate insights into age differences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do longitudinal studies primarily differ from cross-sectional designs?

<p>They study the same individuals over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In prenatal development, teratogens are most impactful during which stage?

<p>Embryonic stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of longitudinal studies compared to cross-sectional studies?

<p>They can show individual developmental processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage begins at conception and ends with attachment to the uterus?

<p>Germinal stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered labor-intensive when studying children's language acquisition?

<p>Microgenetic designs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a teratogen?

<p>An agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period does the first cell division occur after conception?

<p>30 hours after conception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average length of a newborn at birth?

<p>20 inches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do embryonic stem cells play during early development?

<p>They are equivalent and interchangeable, being pluripotent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely to influence prenatal development negatively?

<p>Experiencing significant maternal stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of cleft palate, according to researchers?

<p>A mixture of genetic and environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average weight of a fetus and placenta combined?

<p>12.5 lbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point during pregnancy is a fetus considered viable?

<p>22-26 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is evaluated in the Apgar assessment shortly after birth?

<p>Appearance and vital signs of the newborn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can prolonged exposure to maternal stress during gestation result in?

<p>Long-term learning and motor development issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maternal factor doesn't influence prenatal development?

<p>Favorite color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of low birth weight?

<p>Higher correlation with special education needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does maternal malnutrition potentially lead to during fetal development?

<p>Developmental delay in the child (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event marks the implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall?

<p>Complete by the end of the 2nd week (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Folk Theories

Theories based on personal experiences and opinions, often not explicitly stated or debated.

Scientific Theories

Theories grounded in scientific data, openly debated by experts, and strive for coherence.

Continuous Development

Describes developmental change as gradual and continuous, like a plant growing.

Discontinuous Development

Describes developmental change as distinct stages with qualitative differences, like a caterpillar transforming into a butterfly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nature vs Nurture

The belief that development is influenced by both genetic factors and environmental influences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Developmental Science

The study of how individuals develop across their lifespan.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factors Influencing Development

The impact of genetics, parents, friends, culture, and location on development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Developmental Stages

The idea that development involves distinct stages with different characteristics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Naturalistic Observation

Observing children's behavior in their natural environment. This method offers a realistic view of how children behave in everyday settings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Questionnaires/Interviews

A method of collecting data in which participants are asked to provide information about their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Experiments

A research method that involves manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while holding other factors constant to observe their effect on a specific behavior (dependent variable).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Repeated Measures Design

A type of experimental design where each participant serves as their own control group, receiving both the experimental treatment and a baseline condition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Preferential Looking

A method that taps into infants' innate preferences to understand cognitive abilities. This approach involves presenting infants with stimuli and measuring their looking time to determine which they prefer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retrospective Approach

A research approach that involves collecting information about an individual's past experiences, often through questionnaires or interviews.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prospective Approach

A research approach where data is collected over time to track changes or patterns in behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parental/Caregiver Reports

Collecting information about a child's behavior from parents or caregivers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parental Consent

An ethical consideration in child development research that requires obtaining consent from the individual's parents or legal guardians.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Child Assent

An ethical consideration in child development research that involves obtaining the child's agreement to participate, taking into account their level of understanding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cross-Sectional Design

Researchers study two or more age groups at the same time, comparing their development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Longitudinal Study

Examining the same individuals over a period of time, observing their development and changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Accelerated Longitudinal Design

Combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches, studying different age groups over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microgenetic Research Design

Intensively observing a small group of individuals during a brief period of significant change, focusing on a specific developmental transition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Germinal Stage

The first stage of prenatal development, lasting from conception to about two weeks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Embryonic Stage

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two to eight weeks, marked by significant growth and organ formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fetal Stage

The third stage of prenatal development, lasting from eight weeks until birth, focused on growth, development of organs, and preparation for life outside the womb.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Critical Period

A time period during prenatal development when a fetus is most susceptible to the negative effects of teratogens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Teratogens

Substances that can harm a developing fetus, causing physical or mental abnormalities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mitosis

Rapid cell division in the germinal stage, leading to the formation of a ball of cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Migration

Cells migrating to their proper location in the developing embryo.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Proliferation

The development of new neurons in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Migration

The process of neurons moving to their specific locations in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pruning

The process of eliminating unused or weak connections between neurons, streamlining the brain's network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reliability

A measure's consistency and reliability across repeated measurements under similar circumstances. If the measurement yields similar scores consistently, it indicates a reliable method.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Validity

The degree to which a measure accurately reflects the concept or variable it's intended to assess. If a method truly measures what it claims to measure, it exhibits validity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generalizability

The extent to which research findings can be generalized to individuals or situations outside of the study sample. It explores if the results hold true for other groups and contexts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Observation

The systematic observation and recording of behavior in natural settings or controlled environments. It allows researchers to capture authentic behavior and gather data from a variety of contexts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Questionnaires

A method of gathering data using structured questionnaires with pre-determined questions to collect information from a large sample. It provides efficient data collection and allows for statistical analysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interviews

Gathering information through conversations or interviews where researchers ask individuals open-ended questions to explore their thoughts, experiences, and perspectives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ethical Issues

The ethical guidelines for research, emphasizing the protection of participants' well-being, privacy, and autonomy. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) ensures studies adhere to ethical standards.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nature

The impact of biological and genetic factors on development. Think about the influence inherited traits and genetic predispositions have on an individual's characteristics and potential.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nurture

The impact of environmental influences, experiences, and learning on development. These include factors like family, culture, and education.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Differentiation

The process by which cells become specialized, forming different tissues and organs in the developing embryo.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Top Layer

A layer of cells in the developing embryo that forms the skin, hair, nails, and nervous system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Middle Layer

A layer of cells in the developing embryo that forms muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bottom Layer

A layer of cells in the developing embryo that forms the digestive system and respiratory system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neural Tube

A hollow tube that forms from a ball of cells in the embryo, eventually developing into the brain and spinal cord.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chorion

A structure that develops from the outer membrane of the embryo, forming the placenta and connecting the embryo to the mother's blood supply.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cleft Palate

A condition where the roof of the mouth does not close completely during prenatal development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thalidomide

A drug developed in the 1950s that was found to be a teratogen, causing severe limb deformities in babies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Formation of Bone Cells

The period of prenatal development when bones begin to form, movement becomes more noticeable, and sensory abilities develop.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Layer of Fat

The formation of fat under the skin, starting around 5.5 months of gestation, to protect the baby from the environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sonogram

A non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to create pictures of the fetus inside the womb.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Age of Viability

The point at which a fetus can survive outside the womb, typically around 22-26 weeks of gestation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

APGAR Score

A standardized assessment used to evaluate a newborn's health and function shortly after birth, based on five key criteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Developmental Science Theories and Methods

  • Developmental science explores factors influencing cognitive, motor, social, and emotional development.
  • Key issues include continuity vs. stages, nature vs. nurture, and the role of significant figures in a person's life.
  • Individuals possess "folk" theories (personal beliefs) which affect their interactions with children and may lead to biases.
  • Theories guide research, constrain questions and methods, determine research direction, and impact interpretation.
  • A scientific theory is based on scientific evidence, debated within the scientific community, and more coherent than folk theories.
  • Folk theories dictate parenting, classroom interactions, coaching styles, and reactions to others' approaches.
  • Theories vary in their views on developmental change, nature vs. nurture interplay, and areas of development focus.
  • Theories' perspectives on change can be qualitative (stages) or quantitative (continuous), and can involve stages or a continuous process.

Defining Stages of Development

  • A stage is a distinct period of development, characterized by qualitative changes, discontinuities, clear boundaries, and consistent "nature" within the stage, universal across cultures.
  • Stages are often used in theories, like those by Freud, Erikson, Piaget, and Kohlberg, despite not fully fitting continuous human development, as it is more of a progressive flow.
  • Stages in developmental psychology span prenatal to adulthood, marked by age ranges like prenatal (until birth), infancy (0–2), early childhood (2–7), later childhood (7–12), adolescence (12–21), and adulthood (21–death).

Nature vs. Nurture

  • Nature and nurture are intertwined, and no single theory fully explains human development.

Methods for Studying Children

  • Folk theories need to be considered alongside criteria for a scientific description.
  • Factors influencing research methods include the research question, theoretical biases, researcher skills, participant age, economic factors, time, and ethics.

Scientific Criteria for Child Development Studies

  • Studies must be objective, reliable (replicable), and valid (measuring what they intend to).
  • Reliability involves consistent results across repetitions and contexts.
  • Validity considers if the measures accurately reflect the intended constructs.
  • Generalizability assesses relevance to individuals outside the study group.

Factors Influencing Method Choice

  • Considerations include research questions, theoretical biases, researcher skills, participant age, cost, time, resources, and ethical implications.

Observation, Questionnaires, Interviews, and Experiments

  • Observation (naturalistic or structured) offers insights into natural settings but can be time-consuming and influence participants.
  • Questionnaires and interviews collect data on specific topics but may be susceptible to bias (retrospective/prospective methods).
  • Parental reports/self-reports can be useful but may be prone to biases.
  • Experiments offer high control to understand causation but may face ethical concerns.

Ethical Considerations in Child Studies

  • Child studies require careful consideration for ethical implications due to vulnerable populations.
  • Consent and assent are crucial; harm to participants must be avoided while seeking appropriate ethical review.

Methods for Studying Change

  • Cross-sectional studies compare groups at different ages; although simple, they can't discern the causes of age differences.
  • Longitudinal studies track individuals over time, providing detailed insights into development but susceptible to attrition, bias, and cost.
  • Accelerated longitudinal designs combine strengths of both methods.
  • Micro-genetic studies focus intensely on a short period of rapid change, but they are often limited to a small number of participants.

Prenatal Development (from 9/5 Notes)

  • Prenatal development occurs in three stages (germinal, embryonic, and fetal), each with key achievements.
  • Critical periods during development make the embryo highly susceptible to teratogens, environmental factors that can cause birth defects or harm.
  • Fetal age can be determined through sonograms.

Newborn Assessment

  • The Apgar assessment, performed immediately after birth, assesses newborn function.

Factors Influencing Prenatal Development

  • Maternal (nutrition, stress, health) and paternal factors (nutrition, exposure to trauma, physical activity) significantly affect prenatal development, potentially impacting factors like infant mortality, prematurity, and low birth weight.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Test your understanding of the distinctions between scientific theories and folk theories, as well as their implications for personal development and interactions with children. This quiz will challenge your knowledge on the key concepts of qualitative and quantitative views in developmental science.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser