Developmental Psychology: The Cohort Effect

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of organizational learning?

Strengthening behavior through reinforcement and punishment

Creating categories based on shared characteristics

Adapting to new information through assimilation and accommodation

Learning from the consequences of one's actions (correct)

What is the term for how children handle new information in light of what they already know?

Accommodation

Assimilation

Reinforcement

Adaptation (correct)

What is the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated?

Accommodation

Reinforcement (correct)

Punishment

Assimilation

What is the term for taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of people born at roughly the same period in a particular society?

Cohort Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for adjusting one's cognitive structures to fit new information?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

According to Skinner, what determines whether an organism will repeat a response?

The consequences of the response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT related to Developmental Psychology?

Biology Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition?

Punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the cohort effect mistaken for?

Age Signup and view all the answers

Which generation is born after 1995?

Generation Z Signup and view all the answers

Which theory focuses on learning from observing others and the consequences of their actions?

Social Learning Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why members of a cohort share similar values and priorities?

They share the same historical events and cultural climates Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Gerontology?

Aging and older adults Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the development and maturation of children?

Child Development Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a cohort?

They experience the same historical events and cultural climates Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the human genome project?

To map the locations of human genes and understand their role in development, health, and illness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic differences?

Heritability Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the expression of genes in behavioral traits?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe genes that express themselves in the phenotype even when paired with a different version of the gene?

Dominant Signup and view all the answers

Identical twins are formed when:

A single zygote or fertilized egg splits apart in the first two weeks of development Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the range of possibilities that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?

Multifactorial Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors?

Bidirectional interplay Signup and view all the answers

According to the maternal effects model, what influences intelligence?

Genetic and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated heritability of intelligence according to Bouchard et al. (1990)?

80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe genes that express themselves only when paired with a similar version of the gene?

Recessive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the 'wire mother' in Harlow's experiment?

Provided food Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of John Bowlby's Attachment Theory?

Integrating Object Relations Theory with an evolutionary perspective Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which stage corresponds to the concept of 'Contact Comfort'?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of John Bowlby's observational studies of human and primate infants?

To study childhood directly and not rely on distorted retrospective accounts from adults Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Strange Situation Technique' used for?

To determine the type of attachment style Signup and view all the answers

What is the second stage of John Bowlby's Separation Anxiety?

Despair Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Harlow's experiment?

To understand the importance of physical closeness in infant development Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the concept of 'early bonding to mother-figure'?

Konrad Lorenz Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age when an infant develops binocular vision?

2 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an infant's sense of hearing at birth?

Very keen Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Galant reflex?

To help an infant curve towards a stimulus on the lower back Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age when an infant can perceive depth perception in pictures?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an infant's sense of touch and pain immediately after birth?

Sensitivity to touch and pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age when an infant can distinguish between very similar sounds and familiar and unfamiliar voices?

1 month Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age when an infant starts to develop gross motor skills?

First few months Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an infant's response to their mother's voice?

They prefer their mother's voice over another female voice Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an infant's sense of taste?

They can distinguish between sour, bitter, sweet, and salty flavors Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an infant's response to the Moro reflex?

They throw their head back and extend their arms and legs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Cohort Effect

The cohort effect is a phenomenon that impacts who we are and how we relate to others, often mistaken for age.
A cohort refers to a group of people born at roughly the same period in a particular society, sharing histories and contexts that shape their values, priorities, and goals.

Multidisciplinary Fields

Developmental Psychology is related to other applied fields, including Educational Psychology, Psychopathology, Forensic Developmental Psychology, Social Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Gerontology, and Child Development.

Cohort Effect and Generations

The cohort effect complements the concept of generations, including Baby Boomers (1946-1960), Generation X (1961-1980), Generation Y (1981-1995), and Generation Z (born after 1995).

Consequences of Behavior

The cohort effect involves consequences rather than predictors of behavior, where an organism (animal or human) tends to repeat a response that has been reinforced by desirable consequences and suppresses a response that has been punished.

Reinforcement and Punishment

Reinforcement is the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood of repetition.
Punishment is the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition.

Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura) states that we cannot isolate the root of any single behavior as a result solely of nature or nurture.

Genetics and Environment

Almost all human features are polygenic (resulting from many genes) and multifactorial (resulting from many factors, both genetic and environmental).
The genetic makeup sets up a range of possibilities, but genes may or may not be realized depending on environmental experiences.
There is a bidirectional interplay between the environment and genetic predispositions.

Intelligence and Heritability

Heritability is a statistic that represents the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic differences.
Intelligence is inherited in a person's genetics, with estimates of heritability ranging from 50% to 80%.

Genotypes and Phenotypes

Genotype refers to the genetic complement, coded in DNA inherited from parents.
Phenotype refers to the expression of genes in behavioral traits that can be measured.

Infant Development

Sensory Development

Infants are sensitive to touch and temperature, and are highly sensitive to pain, responding with crying and cardiovascular responses.
Newborns can distinguish between sour, bitter, sweet, and salty flavors, and show a preference for sweet flavors.
Infants prefer the smell of their mothers.

Motor Skills

Gross motor skills involve the use of large muscle groups, typically developing first in infants, including lifting their head, propping up their body, rolling, sitting, crawling, standing, and walking.

Attachment Theory

John Bowlby's Attachment Theory integrates object relations theory with an evolutionary perspective, infusing knowledge of ethology.
The theory states that babies have social as well as physical needs, and contact comfort is the foundation for attachment.

Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation Technique

The Strange Situation Technique is a method for determining the type of attachment style, involving a stranger interacting with the infant as the mother leaves.
The technique assesses the critical behavior of how the infant reacts when the mother returns.

Three Attachment Styles

The three attachment styles identified through the Strange Situation Technique are secure, anxious-resistant, and avoidant.

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Description

Explore how the cohort effect influences our identity and relationships, and how it differs from the impact of age. Discover its significance in developmental psychology.