39 Questions
In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the ______ includes settings in which the individual does not have an active role but still influences their development.
exosystem
Which research design involves studying the same group of participants at many points in time?
longitudinal
The Apgar test assesses a newborn infant's ______.
immediate health
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, much of children's learning comes from ______.
collaborating with others
The ______ refers to the extent to which variation among people on a given characteristic is due to genetic differences.
Heritability
Which part of the brain is responsible for connecting the left and right hemispheres, aiding in communication and coordination?
corpus callosum
Which child development theory emphasizes the role of unconscious thoughts in influencing development?
Psychoanalytic theory
In the context of research designs, which situation represents a case of discontinuous change?
An adolescent experiencing puberty
Which concept from the text best explains Jose's ability to regain his physical strength after participating in physical therapy?
Plasticity
What is the most powerful way of learning according to the text?
Social learning theory
Identify the key influences in Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model that include family, peers, and school.
Microsystem
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates positive reinforcement as described in the text?
A toddler receives a sticker each time she uses the toilet
What is the name of the reflex demonstrated by Anna's action of throwing her arms out, arching her back, and bringing her arms back together?
Moro reflex
In Piaget's theory, what drives a child to move through the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget?
The drive for cognitive disequilibrium
What type of thinking is characterized by viewing knowledge and phenomena as either right or wrong?
Dualistic
Which type of actions involve body parts and are repeated because they bring joy?
Primary circular reactions
What principle is demonstrated when Maria, a 9-year-old, correctly understands that two different shapes contain the same amount of clay?
Object constancy
Which statement is inconsistent with the information processing system view?
Information processing can be influenced by cognitive biases.
What principle does Maria understand when she correctly knows that two different shapes contain the same amount of clay?
Object constancy
What reflex is Anna demonstrating when she throws her arms out, arches her back, and brings them back together?
Moro reflex
What propels a child to move through Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
The drive for cognitive disequilibrium
Which type of actions in child development involve body parts and are repeated because they bring joy?
Primary circular reactions
In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, where does much of children's learning come from?
Peer interactions
What principle is illustrated when a child repeats actions involving body parts because they bring joy?
Circular reactions
Which neural connection facilitates communication and coordination between the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus callosum
According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, where does much of children's learning come from?
Collaborating with others
What reflex is demonstrated by an infant throwing their arms out, arching their back, and then bringing their arms back together?
Moro reflex
What drives a child to move through the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget?
Equilibrium and disequilibrium
Which type of actions in child development involve body parts and are repeated because they bring joy?
Voluntary actions
The collection of neural fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain is known as the ______.
Corpus callosum
What is the term for a reflex action that infants display when they sense something near their cheek?
Rooting reflex
In Piaget's theory, what term describes the state of cognitive conflict that motivates children to develop new schemas?
Disequilibrium
Which of the following best represents an example of an infant reflex as described in the text?
A newborn turning her head when her cheek is touched
In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what stage is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete events and understand conservation?
Concrete operational stage
Which of the following actions in child development typically involves body parts and is repeated because it brings joy?
Jumping in puddles after rain
What part of the brain is responsible for connecting the left and right hemispheres, aiding in communication and coordination?
Corpus callosum
Which aspect of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the importance of social interaction in cognitive development?
Zone of proximal development
Following Maria’s successful understanding of differing shapes containing equal clay amounts, which term best describes this cognitive process?
Conservation
'Automatically putting on a seatbelt when getting into a car' is an example of:
Positive reinforcement
Study Notes
Research Designs and Methods
- Investigators use a longitudinal research design when studying the same group of participants at many points in time.
- A chorionic villus sampling is a medical procedure that involves studying a small amount of tissue taken from an individual to determine the presence of chromosomal abnormalities.
Developmental Theories
- Psychoanalysis theories state that development is influenced by unconscious thoughts.
- Social learning theory suggests that observational learning is one of the most powerful ways in which we learn.
- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory proposes that much of children's learning comes from collaborating with others.
- Piaget's cognitive development theory proposes that children move through four stages of cognitive development, propelled by the drive for cognitive disequilibrium.
Human Development and Growth
- Newborn babies are screened with an Apgar test, which assesses the infant's immediate health.
- Heritability refers to the extent to which variation among people on a given characteristic is due to genetic differences.
- Plasticity is the ability to overcome physical limitations, as demonstrated by Jose's recovery from a stroke through physical therapy.
Brain Development and Function
- The corpus callosum is a collection of 250 to 800 million neural fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain, permitting them to communicate and coordinate processing.
- Lateralization refers to the process of specializing particular functions to specific brain regions.
Learning and Development
- Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences, such as positive reinforcement.
- Positive reinforcement is a type of learning in which a behavior is followed by a pleasing consequence, such as a toddler receiving a sticker for using the toilet.
- Primary circular reactions consist of repeating actions that involve body parts because they are joyful.
Cognitive Development
- Object constancy is the understanding that objects remain the same despite changes in their shape or appearance, as demonstrated by Maria's understanding that two identical balls of clay contain the same amount of clay regardless of their shape.
- Dualistic thinking is a type of reasoning in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong.
Reflexes
- The Moro reflex is a reflex demonstrated by Anna, in which she throws her arms out, arches her back, and brings her arms back together, and starts to cry.
Test your knowledge of key concepts in developmental psychology with this quiz. Questions cover topics such as microsystem, macrosystem, Apgar test, and research designs like longitudinal and cross-sectional studies.
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