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Questions and Answers
What is the correct order of prenatal development stages?
What is the correct order of prenatal development stages?
At what point in prenatal development is the age of viability reached?
At what point in prenatal development is the age of viability reached?
What type of attachment is characterized by inconsistency, such as approaching but avoiding the caregiver?
What type of attachment is characterized by inconsistency, such as approaching but avoiding the caregiver?
Which reflex is NOT commonly observed in infants?
Which reflex is NOT commonly observed in infants?
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What is the significance of 12 weeks in prenatal development?
What is the significance of 12 weeks in prenatal development?
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Which temperament type is characterized by an easygoing nature and adaptability?
Which temperament type is characterized by an easygoing nature and adaptability?
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What was demonstrated by Harlow’s Monkeys in attachment studies?
What was demonstrated by Harlow’s Monkeys in attachment studies?
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What emotional response is common in infants around 6-9 months?
What emotional response is common in infants around 6-9 months?
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Which parenting style is characterized by high control and low warmth?
Which parenting style is characterized by high control and low warmth?
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What is the primary focus of Piaget's Preoperational stage of cognitive development?
What is the primary focus of Piaget's Preoperational stage of cognitive development?
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In Kohlberg's theory, what does the Post-conventional level of moral development emphasize?
In Kohlberg's theory, what does the Post-conventional level of moral development emphasize?
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What is the primary characteristic of the Emerging Adulthood stage?
What is the primary characteristic of the Emerging Adulthood stage?
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Which of the following describes Erikson's psychosocial stage of Industry vs Inferiority?
Which of the following describes Erikson's psychosocial stage of Industry vs Inferiority?
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What concept, introduced by Jung, refers to shared memories and archetypes across humanity?
What concept, introduced by Jung, refers to shared memories and archetypes across humanity?
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During which stage of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs do individuals seek friendship and love?
During which stage of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs do individuals seek friendship and love?
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Which defense mechanism involves redirecting aggressive impulses to a safer outlet?
Which defense mechanism involves redirecting aggressive impulses to a safer outlet?
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What is a primary emotional change that occurs during late adulthood?
What is a primary emotional change that occurs during late adulthood?
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What is the focus of Lev Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?
What is the focus of Lev Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology
- Definition: The study of how individuals change physically, cognitively, and socially throughout their lives.
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Research Methods:
- Longitudinal Study: Tracks the same individuals over an extended period.
- Cross-Sectional Study: Compares different age groups at a single point in time.
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Prenatal Development:
- Germinal Stage (0-2 weeks): Zygote formation, initial cell division.
- Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks): Major organ and structure development begins.
- Fetal Stage (9 weeks to birth): Continued growth and maturation of organs.
- Conception: Fertilization of the egg by sperm in the fallopian tube.
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Key Milestones:
- 12 weeks: First trimester concludes; major organs formed.
- 22 weeks: Viability; fetus can potentially survive outside the womb.
- 38 weeks: Full-term pregnancy.
- Teratogens: Harmful factors (drugs, alcohol) that can affect prenatal development.
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Caused by maternal alcohol consumption, leading to physical and cognitive problems.
Infancy
- Reflexes & Preferences: Infants are born with reflexes (e.g., rooting, sucking) and show preferences for stimuli like faces and voices.
- Brain Development: The prefrontal cortex, responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, develops later.
- Motor Development: Infants typically begin walking around 9-15 months.
- Temperament: Inherent emotional responses in infants, categorized as easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, and mixed.
- Attachment: Developments in attachment lead to variations in reaction to separation; stranger and separation anxieties develop around 6-9 months.
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Attachment Studies:
- Harlow's Monkeys: Monkeys showed a preference for comfort over nourishment when choosing a surrogate mother.
- Ainsworth's Strange Situation: Evaluates attachment styles based on infant responses to separation and reunion with caregiver.
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Attachment Styles:
- Secure: Explores, becomes distressed upon separation, comforted upon reunion.
- Avoidant: Avoids caregiver, shows little emotion during separation or reunion.
- Ambivalent/Resistant: Clings to caregiver, distressed upon separation is not comforted upon reunion.
- Disorganized: Inconsistent reactions, approaching caregiver while simultaneously avoiding them.
Parenting Styles
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Parenting Styles:
- Authoritarian: High control, low warmth.
- Authoritative: High control, high warmth (considered most effective).
- Permissive: Low control, high warmth.
- Neglectful: Low control, low warmth.
- Uninvolved: Lack of emotional support or guidance.
Piaget's Cognitive Theory
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Stages of Cognitive Development:
- Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Learning through sensory input and motor actions; development of object permanence.
- Preoperational (2-7 years): Uses symbols and language, characterized by egocentrism and lack of conservation.
- Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking, understanding conservation and reversibility.
- Formal Operational (12+ years): Abstract thinking, problem-solving.
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Key Concepts:
- Conservation: Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
- Egocentrism: Inability to understand different perspectives.
- Object Permanence: Understanding that objects continue to exist when hidden.
Vygotsky's Theory
- Scaffolding: Support provided by more knowledgeable individuals to facilitate learning and skill development.
Adolescence
- Puberty: Physical changes leading to sexual maturity.
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Sexual Characteristics:
- Primary: Directly involved in reproduction (e.g., ovaries, testes).
- Secondary: Non-reproductive features (e.g., body hair, breast development).
- Identity: Development of a sense of self and values.
Adulthood
- Emerging Adulthood: The period between adolescence and full adulthood, often characterized by exploration.
- Social Clock: Culturally expected timing of life events (e.g., marriage, having children).
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Middle Adulthood:
- Menopause: Cessation of menstruation, typically around age 50.
- Midlife Crisis: Possible period of emotional turmoil in middle age.
- Empty Nest: Feeling of loss when children leave home.
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Late Adulthood:
- Cognitive Changes: Possible declines in memory and intelligence, though wisdom may increase.
Kohlberg's Moral Theory
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Levels of Moral Development:
- Pre-conventional: Morality based on personal gain or punishment avoidance.
- Conventional: Morality based on societal rules.
- Post-conventional: Morality based on abstract principles and rights.
- Gender Differences: Kohlberg proposed differences in moral reasoning between men and women, primarily in focus on care vs justice.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
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Stages:
- Stages of psychosocial development spanning the lifespan, addressing issues at each stage.
Kubler-Ross Stages of Grief
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Stages:
- Physiological: Basic needs (food, water, shelter).
- Safety: Security and stability.
- Love/Belonging: Relationships and connections.
- Esteem: Self-respect and recognition.
- Self-Actualization: Achieving full potential.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
- Levels of Awareness: Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious, with the unconscious holding repressed memories.
- Structures of Personality: Id (primitive desires), ego (realistic component), superego (moral conscience).
- Principles: Pleasure principle (immediate gratification), reality principle (meeting desires realistically).
- Psychosexual Stages: Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
- Conflicts: Oedipus/Electra complexes.
- Defense Mechanisms: Strategies the ego uses to cope with anxiety (e.g., repression, denial, displacement).
Neo-Freudians
- Jung: Proposed the collective unconscious.
- Adler: Focused on individual psychology and inferiority complexes.
- Horney: Emphasized the importance of social relationships and anxiety.
Humanistic Theories
- Rogers: Emphasized unconditional positive regard.
- Maslow: Hierarchy of needs.
Trait Theories
- Big Five (OCEAN): Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
Social Cognitive Theory
- Elements: Cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors interact.
- Locus of Control: Internal vs external belief in control over events.
- Self-Efficacy: Belief in ability to succeed.
Biopsychosocial Approach
- Integration: A model considering biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior and mental processes.
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Description
Explore the key concepts in developmental psychology, focusing on the stages of prenatal development. This quiz also covers research methods like longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. Test your knowledge about the developmental milestones and the effects of teratogens.
