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Questions and Answers
What describes a fundamental concept in Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?
What describes a fundamental concept in Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?
Which of the following parenting styles is characterized by a balanced approach between demandingness and responsiveness?
Which of the following parenting styles is characterized by a balanced approach between demandingness and responsiveness?
Which term refers to the social use of language?
Which term refers to the social use of language?
What type of attachment is characterized by mixed reactions to caregivers and confusion?
What type of attachment is characterized by mixed reactions to caregivers and confusion?
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Which of the following best describes overextension in language development?
Which of the following best describes overextension in language development?
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What term refers to the brain's ability to adapt and change throughout life?
What term refers to the brain's ability to adapt and change throughout life?
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What does the continuity-discontinuity issue in development refer to?
What does the continuity-discontinuity issue in development refer to?
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Which layer of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory includes external environments influencing development?
Which layer of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory includes external environments influencing development?
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What are the observable traits influenced by both genes and the environment called?
What are the observable traits influenced by both genes and the environment called?
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During which period of prenatal development do major organs begin to form?
During which period of prenatal development do major organs begin to form?
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What is synaptic pruning?
What is synaptic pruning?
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What is the purpose of scaffolding in child development?
What is the purpose of scaffolding in child development?
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What defines passive euthanasia?
What defines passive euthanasia?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology Concepts
- Plasticity: The brain's ability to adapt and change throughout life.
- Nature-Nurture Issue: Debate on the relative contributions of genetics and environment to development.
- Continuity-Discontinuity Issue: Whether development is gradual or occurs in distinct stages.
- Universality-Context Specificity Issue: Whether developmental changes are universal or depend on cultural context.
Bioecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner)
- Microsystem: Immediate environment (e.g., family, school).
- Mesosystem: Interaction between microsystems (e.g., family-school).
- Exosystem: External environments influencing development (e.g., parent's workplace).
- Macrosystem: Cultural and societal influences.
- Chronosystem: Changes over time in environments and experiences.
Genes and Development
- Genotype: Genetic makeup.
- Phenotype: Observable traits influenced by genes and environment.
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Gene-Environment Correlation: The interaction between genes and environment.
- Passive: Parents transmit both genes and environment.
- Active: Children seek environments matching their genetic tendencies.
- Evocative: Children's traits trigger responses from others.
Prenatal Development
- Germinal Period: First two weeks after conception.
- Embryonic Period: 3-8 weeks; major organ formation.
- Fetal Period: 9 weeks to birth; growth and maturation.
- Teratogen: Any factor harming development (e.g., drugs, radiation).
Brain Development
- Synaptogenesis: Formation of new synapses in the brain.
- Synaptic Pruning: Elimination of unused synapses.
- Myelination: Coating neurons with myelin for faster transmission.
- Dual Process Model: Brain development involves strengthening connections and eliminating unused ones.
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation: Receiving stimuli from the environment.
- Perception: Interpreting sensory information.
- Motor Skills: Development of gross (large muscle) and fine (small muscle) motor skills.
Cognitive Development
- Scheme: Mental framework for organizing and interpreting information.
- Assimilation: Integrating new information into existing schemes.
- Accommodation: Adjusting existing schemes to fit new information.
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Tasks children can do with guidance.
- Scaffolding: Support to help children within their ZPD.
Death and Dying
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Euthanasia: Ending a life to relieve pain.
- Active: Direct action to end life.
- Passive: Withholding life-saving treatment.
- Kubler-Ross Stages of Dying (possible): Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.
Language Development
- Phoneme: Smallest unit of sound in language.
- Pragmatics: Social use of language.
- Overextension/Underextension: Applying words too broadly or narrowly.
Personality Development
- Big Five Traits: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
- Self-Esteem: Sense of self-worth.
- Temperament Types: Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up.
Social and Gender Development
- Gender Identity: Internal sense of being male, female, or otherwise.
- Sexual Orientation: Romantic or sexual attraction to others.
- Theory of Mind: Understanding others' thoughts and feelings.
Moral Development
- Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: Preconventional (consequences), Conventional (social rules), Postconventional (abstract principles).
Emotional and Social Development
- Primary Emotions: Basic emotions like joy, sadness.
- Social Referencing: Looking to others for emotional cues.
- Attachment Types: Secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized.
Parenting and Family
- Co-Parenting: Shared parenting responsibilities.
- Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, neglectful.
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Description
Dive into the fundamental concepts of developmental psychology, exploring issues like plasticity, the nature-nurture debate, and Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory. Understand how genetics and environment shape human development across various contexts. This quiz emphasizes core principles that influence how we grow and change throughout life.
