Developmental Psychology Chapter 2
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Questions and Answers

What is polygenic inheritance?

  • A single gene determines a characteristic.
  • Environmental factors solely determine behaviors.
  • Multiple genes influence a single characteristic. (correct)
  • Only sex-linked traits are affected.

    • Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is described as having only one X chromosome in females?

  • Klinefelter syndrome
  • XXX syndrome
  • XYY syndrome
  • Turner syndrome (correct)

    • What role does genetic counseling play in reproductive choices?

  • It informs individuals about genetic risks. (correct)
  • It offers financial aid for pregnancy.
  • It provides surgical options for childbirth.
  • It guarantees healthy offspring.

    • How does poverty affect development according to the content provided?

    <p>It has a negative influence on development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the interaction between heredity and environment?

    <p>Development is influenced by both heredity and environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What positive influence can come from having warm parents for adopted children?

    <p>Favorable developmental outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is most likely to lead to favorable development in children within an extended family setting?

    <p>Collaboration and support from family members. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of socio-economic status is NOT mentioned as a measure?

    <p>Physical fitness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of meiosis in the context of reproductive cells?

    <p>To ensure genetic diversity through the formation of gametes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the genetic makeup of sex cells?

    <p>They have one half of the total amount of human genetic information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a karyotype?

    <p>A photograph of human chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes do humans have approximately?

    <p>30,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the genetic condition where both genes influence a person's characteristics?

    <p>Codominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines dominant-recessive inheritance?

    <p>Individuals can be carriers of a recessive trait without expressing it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome configuration indicates a male?

    <p>XY (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is genetic imprinting?

    <p>It involves chemical marking that activates one gene of a pair. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Polygenic inheritance

    A trait determined by multiple genes working together, often influencing complex characteristics.

    Chromosomal abnormalities

    Errors in meiosis can lead to extra or missing chromosomes, resulting in genetic conditions like Down syndrome.

    What are sex chromosome abnormalities?

    These involve the X and Y chromosomes, often leading to milder effects than autosomal abnormalities. They might cause cognitive differences, but not necessarily mental retardation.

    Reproductive technologies

    Methods like IVF, surrogacy, and postmenopausal childbirth help individuals become parents.

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    Family influence

    Family dynamics play a crucial role in child development, including direct influences like warmth and indirect ones like how parents interact with each other.

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    Socioeconomic status

    Determined by education, job skills, and income, socioeconomic status influences a child's development.

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    Public policies impact development

    Values and policies, like collectivism vs. individualism, can significantly influence a child's development.

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    Nature vs. Nurture

    Development is seen as a continuous interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors.

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    Chromosomes

    Thread-like structures in the nucleus of a cell that contain genetic information. Made up of DNA.

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    Gene

    A segment of DNA that provides instructions for building and maintaining a specific trait.

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    Karyotype

    A photograph of an individual's chromosomes, arranged in pairs by size and shape.

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    Reproductive cells

    Specialized cells responsible for sexual reproduction: sperm cells in males and egg cells in females.

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    Mitosis

    The process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each with the same genetic material.

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    Meiosis

    The process by which reproductive cells (sperm and egg) are created, each containing half the usual number of chromosomes.

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    Zygote

    A fertilized egg cell, formed when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell. It has a full set of chromosomes.

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    Sex Chromosomes

    The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's sex: XX for female, XY for male.

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    Study Notes

    Developmental Psychology: Biological and Environmental Foundations

    • Developmental psychology explores lifespan development

    Chapter 2: Biological and Environmental Foundations

    • Genetic foundations are explored
    • Reproductive choices are discussed
    • Environmental contexts for development
    • Relationship between heredity and environment

    Genetic Code

    • Chromosomes are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
    • A gene is a segment of DNA
    • Humans have approximately 30,000 genes
    • Karyotype is a photograph of human chromosomes
    • DNA replicates through mitosis

    Sex Cells (Gametes)

    • Gametes (ova and sperm) have half the genetic information of a regular cell.
    • Meiosis is the cell division process that creates gametes.
    • Male gametes are produced in testicles, female gametes in ovaries.
    • A gamete (sperm or egg) contains 23 chromosomes.
    • Union of sperm and egg forms a zygote with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

    Types of Twins

    • Fraternal (dizygotic) twins originate from two different eggs
    • Identical (monozygotic) twins originate from one egg

    Inheritance Patterns

    • Codominance: both genes of a pair influence traits.
    • Dominant-recessive inheritance: traits determined by one dominant gene and one recessive gene; recessive genes are carried.
    • Dominant and recessive diseases
      • 1-Autosomal diseases e.g. cystic fibrosis, PKU.
      • 2-x-linked diseases, e.g. hemophilia, applies more to males.
    • Genetic imprinting: certain genes are activated or deactivated.
    • Mutation: permanent change in DNA segment
    • Polygenic inheritance: multiple genes determine a characteristic (e.g., height, intelligence, and personality).

    Chromosomal Abnormalities

    • Errors in meiosis cause chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Examples include Down syndrome (mental and physical defects), sex chromosome abnormalities (e.g., extra X or Y chromosome).
    • Sex chromosome defects are usually less severe than autosomal defects, tend to have fewer problems

    Reproductive Choices

    • Genetic counseling provides help with conception.
    • Prenatal diagnosis methods (e.g., amniocentesis, ultrasound, maternal blood analysis) help diagnose potential problems.
    • Reproductive technologies include IVF, surrogate motherhood, adoption.

    Environment Contexts

    • Family has a dynamic role in development and adapts to changes over time.
    • Direct influences: warmth promotes cooperation
    • Indirect influences: interaction between related factors (one factor impacting another)
    • Socioeconomic status, education, income levels affect family functioning and child development.
    • Poverty negatively affects child development.

    Community and Culture

    • Supportive communities foster well-being through leisure and positive interactions
    • Family values and public policies affect development, with collectivist societies typically supporting family well-being more than individualistic societies.
    • USA & Canada usually protect children over the elderly.

    Heredity and Environment Interaction

    • Heredity and environment interact to influence individual differences.
    • Heredity determines traits, such as intelligence, however, this is not universally believed in modern times.
    • Development is viewed as the exchange between nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) throughout the lifespan.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Students learned about genetic foundations, reproductive choices, environmental contexts for development, and the relationship between heredity and environment.

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    Related Documents

    Developmental Psychology: Development Through the Lifespan PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the biological and environmental foundations of developmental psychology, focusing on genetic influences and reproductive choices. Explore the relationship between heredity and environment, and gain insights into the genetic structure and processes like meiosis and karyotyping.

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