Developmental Psychology Chapter 2

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Questions and Answers

What is polygenic inheritance?

A single gene determines a characteristic.

Environmental factors solely determine behaviors.

Multiple genes influence a single characteristic. (correct)

Only sex-linked traits are affected.

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is described as having only one X chromosome in females?

Klinefelter syndrome

XXX syndrome

XYY syndrome

Turner syndrome (correct)

What role does genetic counseling play in reproductive choices?

It informs individuals about genetic risks. (correct)

It offers financial aid for pregnancy.

It provides surgical options for childbirth.

It guarantees healthy offspring.

How does poverty affect development according to the content provided?

It has a negative influence on development. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the interaction between heredity and environment?

Development is influenced by both heredity and environment. Signup and view all the answers

What positive influence can come from having warm parents for adopted children?

Favorable developmental outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most likely to lead to favorable development in children within an extended family setting?

Collaboration and support from family members. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of socio-economic status is NOT mentioned as a measure?

Physical fitness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of meiosis in the context of reproductive cells?

To ensure genetic diversity through the formation of gametes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the genetic makeup of sex cells?

They have one half of the total amount of human genetic information. Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype?

A photograph of human chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

How many genes do humans have approximately?

30,000 Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the genetic condition where both genes influence a person's characteristics?

Codominance Signup and view all the answers

What defines dominant-recessive inheritance?

Individuals can be carriers of a recessive trait without expressing it. Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosome configuration indicates a male?

XY Signup and view all the answers

What is genetic imprinting?

It involves chemical marking that activates one gene of a pair. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Psychology: Biological and Environmental Foundations

Developmental psychology explores lifespan development

Chapter 2: Biological and Environmental Foundations

Genetic foundations are explored
Reproductive choices are discussed
Environmental contexts for development
Relationship between heredity and environment

Genetic Code

Chromosomes are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A gene is a segment of DNA
Humans have approximately 30,000 genes
Karyotype is a photograph of human chromosomes
DNA replicates through mitosis

Sex Cells (Gametes)

Gametes (ova and sperm) have half the genetic information of a regular cell.
Meiosis is the cell division process that creates gametes.
Male gametes are produced in testicles, female gametes in ovaries.
A gamete (sperm or egg) contains 23 chromosomes.
Union of sperm and egg forms a zygote with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

Types of Twins

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins originate from two different eggs
Identical (monozygotic) twins originate from one egg

Inheritance Patterns

Codominance: both genes of a pair influence traits.
Dominant-recessive inheritance: traits determined by one dominant gene and one recessive gene; recessive genes are carried.
Dominant and recessive diseases
- 1-Autosomal diseases e.g. cystic fibrosis, PKU.
- 2-x-linked diseases, e.g. hemophilia, applies more to males.
Genetic imprinting: certain genes are activated or deactivated.
Mutation: permanent change in DNA segment
Polygenic inheritance: multiple genes determine a characteristic (e.g., height, intelligence, and personality).

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Errors in meiosis cause chromosomal abnormalities.
Examples include Down syndrome (mental and physical defects), sex chromosome abnormalities (e.g., extra X or Y chromosome).
Sex chromosome defects are usually less severe than autosomal defects, tend to have fewer problems

Reproductive Choices

Genetic counseling provides help with conception.
Prenatal diagnosis methods (e.g., amniocentesis, ultrasound, maternal blood analysis) help diagnose potential problems.
Reproductive technologies include IVF, surrogate motherhood, adoption.

Environment Contexts

Family has a dynamic role in development and adapts to changes over time.
Direct influences: warmth promotes cooperation
Indirect influences: interaction between related factors (one factor impacting another)
Socioeconomic status, education, income levels affect family functioning and child development.
Poverty negatively affects child development.

Community and Culture

Supportive communities foster well-being through leisure and positive interactions
Family values and public policies affect development, with collectivist societies typically supporting family well-being more than individualistic societies.
USA & Canada usually protect children over the elderly.

Heredity and Environment Interaction

Heredity and environment interact to influence individual differences.
Heredity determines traits, such as intelligence, however, this is not universally believed in modern times.
Development is viewed as the exchange between nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) throughout the lifespan.

Learning Outcomes

Students learned about genetic foundations, reproductive choices, environmental contexts for development, and the relationship between heredity and environment.

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Description

This quiz covers the biological and environmental foundations of developmental psychology, focusing on genetic influences and reproductive choices. Explore the relationship between heredity and environment, and gain insights into the genetic structure and processes like meiosis and karyotyping.