Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one theory suggesting a characteristic of ADHD related to executive functions?
What is one theory suggesting a characteristic of ADHD related to executive functions?
Which areas of the brain are primarily associated with language disorders?
Which areas of the brain are primarily associated with language disorders?
What is a common struggle observed in individuals with developmental dyslexia?
What is a common struggle observed in individuals with developmental dyslexia?
How does the social model of disability differ from the medical model?
How does the social model of disability differ from the medical model?
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Which statement best reflects the neurodiversity movement?
Which statement best reflects the neurodiversity movement?
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What are developmental differences?
What are developmental differences?
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Which of the following is NOT a known genetic cause of developmental differences?
Which of the following is NOT a known genetic cause of developmental differences?
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What factors can influence developmental differences?
What factors can influence developmental differences?
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How do specialists typically diagnose developmental differences?
How do specialists typically diagnose developmental differences?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of autism?
Which of the following is a characteristic of autism?
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What hypothesis suggests that autistic children lack 'Theory of Mind'?
What hypothesis suggests that autistic children lack 'Theory of Mind'?
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Which of the following describes the characteristics of ADHD?
Which of the following describes the characteristics of ADHD?
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What is true about the prevalence of autism?
What is true about the prevalence of autism?
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Which executive function is associated with the ability to manage and adapt plans as situations change?
Which executive function is associated with the ability to manage and adapt plans as situations change?
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What is an aspect of ADHD proposed by Barkley that impacts daily functioning?
What is an aspect of ADHD proposed by Barkley that impacts daily functioning?
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Which statement is true regarding developmental dyslexia in relation to environmental factors?
Which statement is true regarding developmental dyslexia in relation to environmental factors?
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Which part of the brain is primarily underdeveloped in individuals with language disorders?
Which part of the brain is primarily underdeveloped in individuals with language disorders?
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According to the social model of disability, what is the primary cause of disability?
According to the social model of disability, what is the primary cause of disability?
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Which of the following statements regarding environmental factors influencing developmental differences is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding environmental factors influencing developmental differences is accurate?
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What feature is characteristic of ADHD?
What feature is characteristic of ADHD?
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Which of these statements about the theories of autism is correct?
Which of these statements about the theories of autism is correct?
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Which of the following disorders has been recognized as hyperkinetic disorder since the early 1900s?
Which of the following disorders has been recognized as hyperkinetic disorder since the early 1900s?
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Which of these genetic syndromes has a putative genetic basis for developmental differences?
Which of these genetic syndromes has a putative genetic basis for developmental differences?
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Study Notes
Developmental Differences
- Deviations from typical childhood development.
- Lifelong, recurring in adulthood.
- Include atypical cognitive, social, behavioral, language, or motor development.
Causes of Developmental Differences
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Genetic Factors:
- Known genetic bases: Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Williams syndrome, Rett's syndrome, Turner syndrome.
- Putative genetic bases (suspected but not confirmed): Autism, ADHD, language disorders.
- Genetic factors can be inherited or due to mutations.
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Environmental Factors:
- Access to therapy.
- Home environment characteristics.
- Nutrition.
- Cerebral palsy (caused by pregnancy complications, birth trauma, or infections during pregnancy affecting brain development).
Assessment and Diagnosis
- Usually, parents initially consult a general practitioner (GP).
- The GP refers the child to a specialist assessment.
- Assessments are conducted by paediatricians or clinical psychologists.
- Assessments include observation, history of difficulties, questionnaires from teachers and parents, and standardized assessments.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- Described in the 20th century by Kanner and Asperger.
- Marked by differences in social interaction, communication, and restricted interests/repetitive behaviours.
- Lifelong condition.
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Characteristics:
- Heterogeneous presentation (varied characteristics).
- Found in individuals with high and low IQs.
- 40% nonverbal; 60% verbal.
- More common in boys.
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Theories:
- Theory of Mind (ToM): Difficulty understanding others' perspectives (e.g., unexpected transfer task, thinking too literally).
- Weak Central Coherence: Limited understanding of the big picture; overly focused on details (e.g., embedded figures task).
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Recognized in the early 1900s as hyperkinetic disorder.
- Marked by attention difficulties (inattentiveness, distractibility), hyperactivity (difficulty sitting still), and impulsivity.
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Characteristics:
- More common in boys.
- Some children improve; others maintain symptoms into adulthood.
- High heritability.
- Affected by environmental factors (e.g., diet, sugary drinks).
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Theories:
- Barkley: Underdeveloped executive functioning (goal functions, sense of time, flexible thinking, planning/prioritizing, working memory).
- Sonuga-Barke: Difficulty with delayed gratification.
Language Disorders
- Prevalence: 7 per 100.
- More common in boys.
- Potentially related to underdeveloped Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the brain.
Developmental Dyslexia
- Difficulty with reading and spelling not explained by general poor ability.
- Problems with syllable identification, rhyming, and sound discrimination.
- Increased prevalence in English speakers compared to other languages (e.g., Italian, Japanese).
- Has a genetic basis, but also affected by environmental factors (e.g., language transparency).
Models of Disability
- Medical Model: Impairments are problems needing medical treatments, regardless of causing pain or illness.
- Social Model: Disability is caused by societal barriers, focusing on removing limitations to choices for people with disabilities.
Neurodiversity
- Recognizes differences as variations in human ability, not defects.
- Celebrates diverse communication and self-expression.
- Doesn't seek cures; emphasizes acceptance.
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Description
This quiz explores the various developmental differences that can affect children and persist into adulthood. It delves into the genetic and environmental factors contributing to these differences, as well as the processes involved in assessment and diagnosis. Understand the complexities of atypical development and its implications.
