Questions and Answers
What does the Maturationist Perspective primarily emphasize in development?
Which theory highlights the shift in development based on environmental interactions?
Who developed the Cognitive Developmental Perspective that sees children as active learners?
What is a fundamental principle of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these stages is part of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major assumption of the Maturationist Perspective?
Signup and view all the answers
Which psychological perspective is also known as object relations theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Ecological System Perspective stress about development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which level of environment involves the immediate surroundings that directly influence a child's development?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the mesosystem primarily focus on?
Signup and view all the answers
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, what is the exosystem characterized by?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main focus of the macrosystem level in environmental contexts?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the lifespan perspective, when does development begin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes self-actualization in the humanist perspective?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect is emphasized in the humanist perspective regarding individual maturity?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the chronosystem address within the ecological systems?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Maturationist Perspective
- Developed by Arnold Gesell in 1925, highlighting a biological process in predictable stages.
- Assumptions include:
- Development has a biological basis.
- Life alternates between good and bad years.
- Body types correlate with personality development.
Psychodynamic Perspective
- Originated by Sigmund Freud in the late 1880s, focusing on relationship understanding.
- Also known as object relations theory, investigating internal emotional processes.
Constructivist Perspective
- Learning and development result from interactions with the environment, championed by John Piaget, Maria Montessori, and Lev Vygotsky.
Cognitive Developmental Perspective
- Introduced by John Piaget, viewing children as active learners constructing knowledge.
- Stages of cognitive development:
- Sensorimotor stage: 0-2 years.
- Preoperational stage: 2-7 years.
- Concrete operational stage: 7-11 years.
- Formal operational stage: 11 years and above.
Behaviorist or Environmentalist Theories
- Centered on environmental influences on behavior, founded by John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner.
- Focuses solely on observable behavior, neglecting internal thoughts.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- Concept involving the gap between actual development level and potential development achievable with guidance.
Ecological System Perspectives
- Developed by Yuri Bronfenbrenner, emphasizing the role of environmental contexts in development.
- Levels of environment include:
- Microsystem: Immediate surroundings affecting development (family, peers, school).
- Mesosystem: Interconnections between different microsystems (e.g., family-teacher interactions).
- Exosystem: External factors influencing immediate context (e.g., parents’ workplace).
- Macrosystem: Cultural context, socioeconomic factors, and ethnicity.
- Chronosystem: Historical and life course transitions (e.g., divorce, social changes).
Lifespan Perspective
- Introduced by Paul Baltes, stating that development starts at conception and continues throughout life.
- Emphasizes ongoing growth and potential realization in all life stages.
Humanist Perspective
- Developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, focusing on self-actualization as a fundamental life goal.
- Highlights free will, individual motivation, and the pursuit of personal potential.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the key developmental perspectives in psychology including the Maturationist, Psychodynamic, Constructivist, and Cognitive Developmental theories. This quiz covers essential principles and contributions of psychologists such as Arnold Gesell, Sigmund Freud, and John Piaget. Test your understanding of how these theories shape our view of child development.
