Chap 5

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason cited for the lack of longitudinal studies investigating physical aggression starting from birth?

  • The lack of interest in studying the development of aggression in early childhood.
  • The assumption that physical aggression emerges later in childhood due to social learning. (correct)
  • The high cost and effort associated with longitudinal studies.
  • The belief that physical aggression is primarily a product of genetics.

What is the main focus of this chapter according to the provided text?

  • Explaining various theories of physical aggression.
  • Describing the developmental trajectory of physical aggression from birth to adulthood. (correct)
  • Examining the social and cultural influences on physical aggression.
  • Analyzing the connection between physical aggression and mental disorders.

What is a key characteristic of adolescent-limited offenders, as described in the 2002 World Health Organization report?

  • They display minimal evidence of aggression in their childhood. (correct)
  • They are more likely to commit violent acts as adults.
  • They typically suffer from chronic physical aggression.
  • They exhibit consistently high levels of aggression throughout childhood.

What is the primary reason given for the need to better understand the development of physical aggression?

<p>To develop strategies for preventing chronic aggression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor influencing the development of aggressive behaviour according to the social learning perspective?

<p>The influence of biological factors on aggression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are longitudinal studies crucial for understanding the development of physical aggression?

<p>They enable researchers to track changes in aggression across the lifespan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant outcome of better understanding the development of physical aggression?

<p>Developing effective strategies for preventing and treating aggression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The author suggests that early intervention to address physical aggression is important because:

<p>It can help reduce the occurrence of chronic aggression later in life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is the simplest way to define 'physical aggression'?

<p>By observing and categorizing the physical actions involved in confrontational encounters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated rate of 'homicide' among chimpanzees?

<p>261 per 100,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument presented in the text regarding the historical decline of violence?

<p>The civilizing process has led to a significant decrease in physical violence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of basic physical aggression in the text?

<p>Talking back (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text define chronic physical aggression?

<p>A constant tendency to engage in physical aggression over a long period. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using longitudinal studies to assess chronic physical aggression?

<p>To understand the development of aggressive behaviors over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the text regarding the Olympics?

<p>The Olympic Games reflect the primitive nature of human aggression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's overall view on the historical decline of violence?

<p>The decline of violence is a positive development that should be celebrated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study by Côté et al. (2007) show about the developmental trajectories of physical aggression?

<p>Half of the children are on a middle trajectory of physical aggression, a third are on a low trajectory, and 17% are on a high trajectory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the 'high trajectory' in physical aggression classified as chronic?

<p>Because it is a persistent pattern that is distinct from occasional bursts of aggression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using longitudinal data to study physical aggression?

<p>Longitudinal data provide a detailed account of the development of physical aggression over time, capturing changes and trends. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges are associated with identifying risk factors for subgroups of occasional physical aggression compared to chronic physical aggression?

<p>It is difficult to differentiate subgroups of occasional aggression because their patterns of aggression are highly variable and less consistent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the study of physical aggression in infancy contribute to our understanding of its development?

<p>It reveals that physical aggression emerges as infants develop motor skills and the ability to intentionally use physical force. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of studying the developmental trajectories of physical aggression?

<p>It provides insights into the factors that contribute to the development of physical aggression and the potential for intervention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the text regarding the relationship between chronic and occasional physical aggression?

<p>Risk factors for chronic aggression are easier to identify than those for occasional aggression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the text regarding the development of physical aggression?

<p>Physical aggression is a complex phenomenon that can be understood by considering the interaction of individual and environmental factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the mechanisms that can change gene function without altering the gene sequence?

<p>Epigenetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following maternal characteristics is NOT mentioned as a factor related to trajectories of chronic physical aggression?

<p>Socioeconomic status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental factors affect gene expression according to the concept of epigenetics?

<p>By changing chromatin structure and DNA methylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are DNA methylation changes considered to be in relation to environmental influences during development?

<p>Markers of environmental effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies provides insight into the effects of neglectful environments on gene expression in rat pups?

<p>An experimental study by Weaver et al. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological system is affected by changes in the glucocorticoid receptor due to maternal neglect, as seen in the study of rat pups?

<p>Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these aspects is highlighted as a significant challenge for the future in integrating preventive interventions?

<p>Integration of preventive experiments with longitudinal studies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do environmental effects play in epigenetics during early development?

<p>They program genes to express certain traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children on a high physical aggression trajectory reported having a criminal record by age 24 years?

<p>28.2% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is most significantly at risk for chronic physical aggression between the ages of 10 to 15 years?

<p>Boys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was determined as contributing factors to the frequency of physical aggression by fathers?

<p>Both genetic and environmental factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social outcomes are linked to childhood physical aggression by the end of elementary school?

<p>Criminal outcomes in adolescence and adulthood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the use of physical aggression in boys and girls in the first year after birth?

<p>There are no significant differences in frequency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what percentage do children on a high physical aggression trajectory account for all recorded violent charges?

<p>57.4% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the variance in physical aggression frequency was attributed to common environmental contributions according to the longitudinal study of twins?

<p>42% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many percent of children on a high physical aggression trajectory reported being on welfare assistance?

<p>Not specified (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are identified as more significant risk factors for disorganized behavior in children?

<p>Mother characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one proposed mechanism linking poor early environments to behavioral issues?

<p>Bio-psycho-social mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the epigenetic story provide regarding physical and mental disorders?

<p>An environmentally based explanation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the first epigenetic study involving children with chronic physical aggression?

<p>DNA methylation of the serotonin transporter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study, what was measured alongside DNA methylation patterns?

<p>Serotonin synthesis in the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific CpG sites were found to have increased DNA methylation in boys with chronic aggression?

<p>Sites on the serotonin transporter gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the findings concerning serotonin synthesis and DNA methylation?

<p>They correlate with childhood aggression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant observation regarding the subjects in the study conducted by Wang et al. (2012)?

<p>Their aggression trajectories were tracked longitudinally (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Developmental origins of aggression

The process through which physical aggression develops from early childhood to adulthood.

Chronic physical aggression

A persistent pattern of using physical aggression over time.

Situational prevention

Strategies to reduce the occurrence of aggression in specific contexts.

Longitudinal studies

Research that follows subjects over a long period to observe changes.

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Social learning perspective

The theory that aggression is learned through observing others.

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Adolescent-limited offenders

Young individuals who exhibit aggression primarily during adolescence.

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Emphasis on early years

Importance of studying childhood to prevent future aggression.

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Frustration and aggression

The relationship where frustration can lead to aggressive behavior.

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Life of Ancestors

Describes the harsh living conditions faced by early humans, characterized as 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short'.

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Homicide Rates

Statistics indicating physical violence has decreased significantly in Europe from 40 to 1 per 100,000 citizens over 500 years.

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Civilizing Process

A historical development leading to numerous advantages for humanity, reducing violence and improving societal conditions.

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Physical Aggression

A form of aggression defined by physical actions like hitting, kicking, or using objects to harm others.

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Playful Aggression

Behaviors resembling aggression in playful contexts, such as competitive sports.

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Ethological Approach

A method to study behavior through direct observation and classification of interactions, such as identifying physical aggression.

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Agonistic Interaction

A context of conflict that allows for categorization of behaviors as physical aggression.

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Early pregnancy risk

Children showing high physical aggression report more early pregnancies.

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High aggression trajectory

9.5% of children on a high aggression track have higher criminal records.

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Sex differences in aggression

Boys are significantly more aggressive than girls after the first year.

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Criminal record correlation

High physical aggression in childhood increases criminal record risk by age 24.

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Twin studies in aggression

Twin studies help understand genetics and environment in aggression development.

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Genetic influence on aggression

58% of aggression variance at 19 months is due to genetics.

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Environmental influence on aggression

42% of aggression variance attributed to common environmental factors.

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Negative outcomes from aggression

Aggressive children face social and academic challenges by elementary school.

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Developmental trajectories

Patterns of change in behavior over time within a population.

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Occasional physical aggression

Physical aggression occurring infrequently compared to the population average.

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Risk factors

Characteristics that increase the likelihood of chronic or occasional physical aggression.

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Québec Longitudinal Study

A research study tracking physical aggression from infancy using cohorts.

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Age variations

Differences in physical aggression frequency based on the age of children.

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Mothers' reports

Information provided by mothers about their children's aggression over time.

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Retrospective assessment

Evaluating past behavior based on current recollections.

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Bio-psycho-social mechanisms

Interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors affecting behavior.

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Epigenetics

Study of how environmental factors can affect gene expression without altering DNA sequence.

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Intergenerational transmission

The process where behaviors or disorders are passed down from one generation to another.

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DNA methylation

A biochemical process that can regulate gene expression by adding a methyl group to DNA.

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Serotonin transporter gene

A gene responsible for the reuptake of serotonin, affecting mood and aggression.

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Chronic physical aggression trajectory

A consistent pattern of increasing aggression from childhood into adulthood.

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Monocytes and T cells

Types of white blood cells involved in immune response and can show DNA methylation changes.

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Serotonin synthesis in the brain

The process of producing serotonin, critical for mood and behavior regulation.

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Maternal characteristics

Traits of mothers that can identify at-risk pregnancies.

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Environmental effects on genes

The impact of surroundings on gene function and expression.

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Maternal neglect study

Research showing effects of low maternal care on gene methylation.

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Hippocampus function

A brain region affected by maternal neglect through gene expression changes.

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Chronic aggression factors

Factors related to continuous physical aggression in individuals.

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Preventive interventions

Strategies implemented to minimize risks early in development.

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Study Notes

Developmental Origins of Physical Aggression

  • This chapter examines the development of physical aggression from childhood to adulthood.
  • Key questions addressed include the onset of aggression, causes of chronic aggression, prevention strategies, and why situational aggression prevention is important.
  • Longitudinal studies, starting close to birth, are necessary to understand the development of aggression.
  • Previous approaches to understanding aggression often focused on social learning theory, emphasizing learned responses to frustration and observation of models.
  • Rousseau's perspective contrasts Hobbes' view of innate human selfishness, pointing to a crucial debate about the origins of antisocial behavior.
  • Physical aggression is a crucial component of human behavior; it served our ancestors for survival (e.g., hunting, defense, resource acquisition).
  • However, humans also need to use aggression sparingly to maintain social cohesion.
  • Decreased rates of homicides across Europe over the last 500 years highlight the civilizing process and reduced reliance on physical violence. Chimpanzees, our closest non-human relatives, have significantly higher rates of homicide.

Defining Physical Aggression

  • Physical aggression can be defined as any physical act intended to harm another person.
  • The specific physical actions (hitting, kicking, etc.) can vary significantly.
  • Playful aggression is differentiated from that intended to cause harm.

Development During Early Childhood

  • Children begin demonstrating physical aggression toward the end of the first year of life.
  • The Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development tracked aggression trajectories from infancy to age 6.
  • Findings highlighted that some children display chronic high aggression, while others show occasional aggression.

Chronic vs. Occasional Aggression

  • Chronic physical aggression involves significantly higher frequency over time.
  • Longitudinal studies, tracking aggression repeatedly, provide a more accurate measure of chronic aggression.
  • Retrospective data can be inaccurate when assessing the onset of aggression.
  • Occasional aggression is common and is typical in specific developmental periods.

Outcomes of Chronic Aggression

  • Chronic physical aggression in childhood is linked negatively to various later outcomes.
  • These outcomes can include poor school performance, social difficulties, mental health issues, and increased risk of violence.
  • This trend is especially strong in boys.

Early Risk Factors and Prevention

  • Sex is a critical factor, with boys having a substantially higher risk of chronic physical aggression over time.
  • Maternal factors, such as age at first pregnancy, parenting styles, smoking, depression, education levels and antisocial behavior are significant risk factors.
  • Environmental factors during fetal and early childhood development are linked to aggression using epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Maternal factors are more consequential than paternal factors
  • Prevention of chronic physical aggression should address both contextual environmental factors, and epigenetic mechanisms that can be affected by early caregiving.

Conclusions

  • The vast majority of humans have used physical aggression, but they also learn alternatives over time.
  • Addressing chronic aggression requires both situational and early preventive strategies.
  • Understanding epigenetic mechanisms is crucial for designing impactful prevention and intervention programs.

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