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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes developmental anomalies from adaptive lesions?
What distinguishes developmental anomalies from adaptive lesions?
Which of the following disorders is NOT classified as a developmental anomaly?
Which of the following disorders is NOT classified as a developmental anomaly?
What is the defining characteristic of neoplasia?
What is the defining characteristic of neoplasia?
Which of the following definitions correctly describes aplasia?
Which of the following definitions correctly describes aplasia?
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Which term describes a replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells in response to stress or injury?
Which term describes a replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells in response to stress or injury?
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What are prions primarily responsible for in zoonotic diseases?
What are prions primarily responsible for in zoonotic diseases?
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Which factor influences the speed of reporting zoonotic diseases?
Which factor influences the speed of reporting zoonotic diseases?
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What does a necropsy involve?
What does a necropsy involve?
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What are some examples of diseases caused by prions?
What are some examples of diseases caused by prions?
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What is the meaning of the prefix 'necro-' in necropsy?
What is the meaning of the prefix 'necro-' in necropsy?
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What is the primary threat posed by malignant neoplasia?
What is the primary threat posed by malignant neoplasia?
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Which type of tumor is characterized by being non-cancerous?
Which type of tumor is characterized by being non-cancerous?
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What categorization do most neoplasms fall under?
What categorization do most neoplasms fall under?
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Which of the following is NOT a known type of carcinogen?
Which of the following is NOT a known type of carcinogen?
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What term describes neoplasms containing more than one type of neoplastic cell?
What term describes neoplasms containing more than one type of neoplastic cell?
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What is primarily found in mesenchymal tissue?
What is primarily found in mesenchymal tissue?
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What is often a cause of malignant tumor cells spreading in the body?
What is often a cause of malignant tumor cells spreading in the body?
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Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of malignant tumors?
Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of malignant tumors?
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Study Notes
Developmental Anomalies
- Malformations during tissue/organ growth
- Also called congenital diseases
- Present at birth
- Some are genetic (e.g., BOAS, vWD)
- Others not based on genetics (e.g., cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens)
- Examples include polydactyly, palatoschisis, progressive renal atrophy, renal hypoplasia, or cardiac defects
Developmental Anomaly Definitions
Agenesis
- Complete failure of a tissue or organ to grow
- Long-term effects on animal, potentially neonatal death
- Picture shown of MRI of human with cerebellar agenesis, and a normal cerebellum
Aplasia
- Failure of organ formation
- Presence of progenitor cells, but no organization
- Consequences depend on involved organ/tissue
- Bilateral kidney aplasia is lethal
- Refers to failure of tissue to renew itself
Hypoplasia
- Failure of an organ to reach normal size
- Can cause clinical disease in animals
- Severity and life expectancy depend on affected organ and degree of function reduction
- Shown in a picture of hypoplasia of the left lung in a human animal
Adaptive Lesions
- Acquired by an organism in response to homeostasis changes
- Characterized by adaptive cellular responses to physiologic demands
- Lesion is a circumscribed area of pathologic tissue
Hyperplasia
- Increase in organ/tissue size or mass, due to increased cell number
- Only occurs in cells capable of mitotic division
- Often seen concurrently with hypertrophy
Physiologic Hyperplasia
- Tissue/organ size increase in response to normal stimulus (hormonal, etc.)
- Compensatory response
- Example: mammary gland hyperplasia during pregnancy
- Kidney enlargement to compensate for loss of another kidney
Metaplasia
- Adaptive response where one cell type replaces another
- Typically as a response to chronic irritation or hormonal stimulation
- Can progress to dysplasia
Dysplasia
- Abnormal growth, a type of disorderly and atypical hyperplasia
- Loss of normal regular progression from immature to mature cells
- Some types of dysplasia could develop into neoplasia
Hypertrophy
- Increased organ/structure size due to increased cell size, not number
- Picture shows a heart with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a normal heart, and a heart with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Neoplasia
- New growth of tissue, exceeding normal growth rate/pattern
- Disorganized and persists even after growth stimulus stops
- If unchecked, neoplasia can be lethal
Tumor
- Broadly, any swelling. Now more often used to refer to tumors (masses)
- "Cancer" immediately evokes concerns of death, better to use "mass" or "tumor" when explaining to clients.
Benign Tumor
- Well-differentiated neoplasms
- Do not metastasize (spread)
- Generally do not cause death
- Most pose a quality of life concern (e.g. interference with mobility, eating & drinking, or ulceration)
Malignant Tumor
- Neoplastic growths with variable metastasis (spread) potential
- If left untreated, typically cause death in the effected organism
- Rapid growth, invasive nature
- Variation in cell size, uncontrolled cellular reproduction, loss of cell normal structure/function
Cancer
- Colloquial term for malignant tumor
Classification of Tumors (based on behavior)
Benign
- Localized
- Do not spread
- Amenable to surgical excision
Malignant
- Invade/destroy tissues
- Spread to distant sites
- Not amenable to complete surgical excision
- May cause death
Metastasis
- Greatest threat with malignant neoplasia
- Complex process
- Tumor cells detach, enter bloodstream/lymphatics, penetrate vessel walls, invade tissues
- Carried to lymph nodes, via surgical instruments, etc. (to spread)
Classification of Tumors (based on origin/behavior)
- Tumors are either epithelial (covering tissues) or mesenchymal (connective tissues, muscles) in origin
- Some (more than one tissue) are mixed
- Benign vs. Malignant distinguished by presence of prefix/suffix (e.g., fibroma, sarcoma)
Etiology of Neoplasia
- Causes of tumors are often unknown, but some factors identified include Carcinogens
Zoonotic Disease
- Diseases transmitted between animals and humans
- Some cause minor problems, others severe fatality
- Includes infectious diseases, those caused by prions (e.g. Scrapie, Mad Cow, Chronic wasting disease), etc.
Necropsy
- Thorough post-mortem examination to determine/confirm cause of death
- Performed in two stages—gross necropsy and microscopic necropsy
- Standard steps should be followed
Systemic Evaluations in Necropsy
- Musculoskeletal (muscle mass/skeleton integrity)
- Cardiovascular (blood vessels, heart, valves), including size/position
- Respiratory (trachea/lungs, contents, masses)
- Neurologic (eyes, cranial vault, brain)
- Reproductive (ovaries, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary glands/prostate, testicles)
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Description
This quiz covers various developmental anomalies, including malformations and congenital diseases present at birth. Understand conditions like agenesis, aplasia, and hypoplasia, and their long-term effects on animals. Examples illustrate the critical importance of these anomalies in veterinary medicine.
