Development Indicators Overview

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Questions and Answers

Match the following factors to their descriptions related to global inequality:

Extreme weather hazards = Influence development due to natural disasters Investment in education = Leads to overall country development Corruption in government = Slows down infrastructure growth Colonialism = Results in uneven development of nations

Match the following countries or regions with their economic status or activity:

Brazil = Top 10 largest economies in the world Sub-Saharan Africa = Holds many of the poorest countries Hong Kong = Example of rapid economic development USA = Country with far exceeding GDP

Match the following terms with their definition:

Brandt Line = Geographical split of rich and poor nations Asian Tigers = Countries that rapidly developed in the global South Neo-colonialism = Continuous exploitation of former colonies Life expectancy = Increased due to advancements in healthcare

Match the following drivers of development with their effects:

Climate = Can hinder development post-disaster Poverty = Limits improvements in living standards Healthcare access = Important for societal development Global trade openings = Facilitates faster economic growth Signup and view all the answers

Match the following countries or territories to their developmental challenges:

Developing countries = Often face high levels of poverty Corrupt nations = Experience slow economic growth Colonized nations = Struggle with uneven development Open trade countries = Grow faster economically Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of colonialism with their consequences:

Unequal resource distribution = Rich nations exploiting poorer ones Historical dependence = Former colonies supplying raw materials cheaply Political control = Colonialism involves acquiring dominance Economic disparity = Developed due to historical exploitation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following global inequalities to their influencing factors:

Healthcare systems = Influence development status Climate change = Can exacerbate economic challenges Corruption levels = Affect investment and growth Globalization barriers = Slow down economic progress Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions with their relevant economic or demographic status:

UK = Ageing population with fewer children Sub-Saharan Africa = Contains many of the poorest nations India = Part of the top 10 largest economies Eastern countries = Example of regions with colonial legacy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following consequences of income inequalities with their descriptions:

Imbalance between the rich and the poor = There is a significant gap in wealth distribution Income quintiles = Groups used to categorize countries by GDP per capita Champagne glass of global income = A visual representation highlighting wealth concentration Richest 20% of countries = Top quintile that owns 80% of the world's GDP Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of Rostow's modernization theory with their characteristics:

Traditional society = Agricultural focus with limited cash production Preconditions to take off = Shift from farming to manufacturing and trade Drive to maturity = Technology integrated throughout the economy Age of high mass consumption = High levels of goods consumption and luxury choices Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to income inequalities with their meanings:

Bottom two quintiles = The poorest 40% of countries owning 3% of GDP Top quintile = The richest 46 countries in the world GDP per capita = A measure of economic output per person Global income distribution = The way income is shared among nations Signup and view all the answers

Match the critiques of Rostow's model with their descriptions:

Eurocentric = Focused primarily on European development Final stage overreach = Countries may progress through further stages than defined Neglect of alternate paths = Overlooks different developmental strategies Investment reliance = Assumes development depends heavily on foreign investments Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pairs related to Rostow's stages with their economic focus:

Take-off = Rapid growth through industrial investments Age of high mass consumption = Choice between welfare and luxury spending Drive to maturity = Consumer goods production becomes widespread Preconditions to take off = Investment in industries and infrastructure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following income inequality concepts with their definitions:

Champagne glass metaphor = Illustrating wealth concentration dynamics Income inequalities = Disparities between different income levels GDP accumulation = Growth of economic value across countries Quintile distribution = Division of countries into five equal economic segments Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of different stages of development with the stage names:

Traditional society = Limited agricultural surplus and reliance on subsistence Age of high mass consumption = High consumer spending on a variety of goods Take-off = Periods of accelerated manufacturing development Drive to maturity = Technological advancement in various industries Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages in Rostow's model with their respective phases:

Preconditions to take off = Transitioning to a manufacturing-based economy Take-off = Initial rapid economic growth phase Traditional society = Dominance of agriculture with minimal cash crops Age of high mass consumption = Variety of goods and luxurious consumption patterns Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Indian states with their GDP per capita ranking:

Goa = US $ 25,044 Bihar = US $ 2,395 Karnataka = Above the mean Uttar Pradesh = Below the mean Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistics with their corresponding years:

Urban population (25%) = 1990s Life expectancy (59.7 years) = 1991 Birth rate (17.5 per 1000) = 2021 Average years in school (12 years) = 2014 Signup and view all the answers

Match the winners of TNCs setting up factories in India with their positive impacts:

Job creation = More well paid jobs in urban areas Middle class growth = More than 250 million middle class people by 2025 Employment opportunities = There will be better employment opportunities Cost savings = For TNCs, India’s minimum wage is 87% lower than the UK Signup and view all the answers

Match the following improvements with their effects on society:

Better healthcare systems = Lower infant mortality rate Increased accessibility to schools = Higher average years of education Economic growth = Improved life expectancy Rural-urban migration = More urban population Signup and view all the answers

Match the losers associated with TNCs in India with their negative impacts:

Underpayment = Worker get paid under minimum wage Competition = There is an abundance of people willing to work Pay disparity = No equal pay agreements in textile jobs Discrimination = Many sweatshops discriminate against older women Signup and view all the answers

Match the following social implications with their descriptions:

Low status of women = Hindrance to development Decreased birth rate = Population control Urbanization = Migration to cities for jobs Infant mortality rate decrease = Access to safe drinking water Signup and view all the answers

Match the aspects of the multiplier effect with their descriptions:

Job creation = Creates more jobs in the region Migration to cities = People earn higher salaries Spending = People spend on housing and services Regional development = Affects the whole region over time Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistics on population change with their original figures:

Birth rate in 1951-61 = 45 per 1000 people Infant mortality rate in 1970s = 129 per 1000 live births Birth rate in 1991 = 30 per 1000 people Urban population in 2019 = 34% Signup and view all the answers

Match the statements regarding inequality in India's development:

Economic growth = India has developed and living standards are better Existing issues = Inequality still remains Urban expansion = As people migrate to cities for work Job market = Competition for jobs is high due to many willing workers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their corresponding impacts:

Urban migration = Exposure to better job opportunities Increased life expectancy = Better healthcare accessibility Decline in caste rigidity = Modern social customs Education reforms = Mandatory schooling Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistics with their implications on women’s employment:

1/3 working-aged women employed = India 2/3 working-aged women employed = Brazil Lower employment rates = Gender inequality Rural healthcare facilities expansion = Increased job availability Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes of demographic change with their effects:

Healthcare improvements = Increased life expectancy Economic development = Better access to medicine Urbanization = Growth of towns and cities Later marriages = Falling birth rate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following years with the respective increases in access to education and healthcare:

1991 = Life expectancy (59.7 years) 2014 = Average years in school (12 years) 2019 = Life expectancy (70 years) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their descriptions:

Dependency Theory = Argues that historical exploitation keeps developing countries poor Core-Periphery Model = Splits countries into developed and developing based on resource processing Economic Liberalisation = Transforms a country into a market economy with private sector growth Neo-Colonialism = Suggests that rich countries may positively impact poor countries through aid Signup and view all the answers

Match the following countries with their characteristics:

India = Located in south-central Asia with a lengthy coastline Ethiopia = A country that was not colonized but remained poor Singapore = A former colony that has developed successfully Franks Dependency Theory = Criticizes that some poor nations have shifted to the core Signup and view all the answers

Match the following economic concepts with their effects:

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) = Increases capital inflow from foreign companies Import Tariffs = Imposes taxes on foreign goods to protect local industries Reduction of Control = Allows greater freedom in capital movement in and out of the country Tax Reduction on Profits = Encourages companies to reinvest in the economy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the economic impacts in India:

Cheap and Plentiful Labor = Attracts companies to produce goods Increased Trade = Facilitates the export of goods to wealthier countries Market Decisions = Empowers customers to influence production based on demand Investment Proliferation = Results from companies seeking high profit areas for production Signup and view all the answers

Match the following economic conditions with their outcomes:

Encouragement of FDI = Promotes growth in the Indian economy Economic Control Reduction = Allows for faster economic adjustments High Import Tariffs = Protects local industries from foreign competition Lower Company Taxes = Incentivizes business development and investment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions with their descriptions related to the core-periphery model:

Core = Developed countries that manufacture high-value goods Periphery = Developing countries that export raw materials Export Market = Dependency of periphery on core for selling goods Resource Dependency = Core countries rely on periphery for raw materials Signup and view all the answers

Match the following socio-economic phenomena with their implications:

Globalization = Rapid economic integration and growth in India Colonial Legacy = Influences current wealth disparities among nations Socialist Model = Often results in ongoing poverty in countries that adopted it Economic Growth = Leads to changes in production and market dynamics Signup and view all the answers

Match the following criticisms with the theories they pertain to:

Dependency Theory = Not all poor countries were colonized Core-Periphery Model = Some former colonies have developed Neo-Colonialism = Aids can have positive effects despite historical exploitation Economic Liberalisation = Involves complexities that may not benefit all sectors equally Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Indian states with their characteristics:

Maharashtra = Home to India's largest city, Mumbai Bihar = 86% of population are sustenance farmers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following economic activities with their respective contributions:

Service industry = Banking and IT Manufacturing = Clothing and food processing Entertainment = Bollywood Construction = Infrastructure development Signup and view all the answers

Match the following environmental impacts with their causes:

Deforestation = Erosion and landslides Air pollution = Old public transport and urban traffic Biodiversity loss = Need for more land for food Greenhouse gases = Emissions from coal-powered stations Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistics with their implications in Bihar:

47% literacy rate = Limited educational opportunities Half of households earn less than 8p a day = Extreme poverty 33% women's literacy rate = Gender inequality 59% population with electricity = Lack of investment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes of air pollution with their effects:

Urban traffic = Reduces life expectancy by 3.2 years Coal emissions = Fifth biggest cause of death Old public transport = Increases greenhouse gases Industry emissions = Contributes to health problems Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of Maharashtra's economy:

Service industry = Dominant sector contributing to GDP Manufacturing = Steel and engineering Telecommunications = Call centers Transportation = Second largest port in India Signup and view all the answers

Match the consequences of climate change on Bihar with their descriptions:

Rising temperatures = Threaten sustenance farmers Electricity access = Only 59% of population has electricity Low literacy rates = Only 1/3 of children complete primary education Caste-based society = Limits upward mobility and education access Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Development Definition

A country's development is dependent on social, economic, political, and environmental factors.
Development is measured using single and composite indicators.

Single Indicators

Social:
- Life expectancy: Average years a newborn is expected to live.
- Infant mortality rate: Number of deaths to infants under 1 per 1000 live births annually.
- GDP per capita: GDP divided by the population.
- Fertility rate: Total number of children born to a woman over her lifetime.
- Maternal mortality rate: Yearly deaths related to pregnancy per 10,000 live births.
Economic:
- Purchasing power parity (PPP): Measures what $1 buys in a country.
- GDP: Total value of goods and services produced per year in a country (US$).
- Poverty line: Minimum income required to meet basic needs (US$1.90 per person, per day, based on World Bank data).
Other:
- Literacy rate: Percentage of those over 15 who can read and write.
- Gross National Income (GNI): A measure of national wealth, including wealth created outside the country by companies.
- Birth rate: Number of births per 1000 population per year.
- Death rate: Number of deaths per 1000 population per year.

Composite Indicators

Human Development Index (HDI): Calculated using life expectancy, adult literacy rates, average years of schooling, and GDP per capita. It offers a more comprehensive measure of development than single indicators.
HDI is ranked High/Very High/Low/Very Low.

Demographic Changes with Development

Fertility, mortality rates, and maternal/infant mortality rates decrease with development due to better medical care and access to hospitals.
Population structure changes, moving from a pyramid shape (high birth rate, low life expectancy) to a barrel shape (lower birth rates, longer life expectancy) as healthcare advances.

Global Inequality Causes

Environmental: Extreme weather events (hurricanes, droughts) disrupt development and leave countries with less money to rebuild and recover.
Social: Lack of investments in healthcare and education leads to slower development and affects living standards.
Political & Economic: Corruption in governments and unstable political situations hinders development by diverting funds, creating uncertainty and discouragement for investment. Restricting trade also slows development.

Historical Influences

Colonialism: The acquisition of political control over another country and the economic exploitation of resources, resulting in uneven development compared to colonizing countries.
Neo-colonialism: A continuation of control by former colonial powers. Rich countries still influence past colonies.

Consequences of Global Inequality

Income inequality: A significant gap between rich and poor countries. Income quintiles can illustrate this.
Global income distribution: An uneven distribution of income globally, as shown by the "champagne glass" model. This inequality gap is demonstrated by measuring GDP per capita, ranking countries and dividing them into quintiles. The richest 20% of people own the most of the world GDP.

Rostow's Modernization Theory

Five stages of development: Traditional society, preconditions to takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, age of high mass consumption.
Countries must progress through these to become fully developed.

Rostow's Model Criticisms

Eurocentric: Focused primarily on European development models, overlooking other pathways for development.
Stages not always linear: Development is not always in sequence. Not every country will follow the same path.
Universal applicability questionable: The model assumes all countries start in the same place with the same resources and opportunities and not all will follow this pattern. Countries may experience different stages with variations in their development.

Frank's Dependency Theory

Countries are poor due to exploitation by richer countries.
Theory divides the world into core and periphery countries, focusing on historical trade relationships.
Developed countries, known as the "core", profit from resources extracted from developing nations (the "periphery").
Semi-periphery countries have an intermediate position in this relationship.

India Development & Implications

Growth Factors: Globalization's role in Indian development has been substantial due to companies wanting to produce goods in the cheapest locations, labor market advantages, and foreign direct investment. Economic liberalization has helped India become a market economy.
Social Implications: Urbanization, changes in social customs, an increase in people living in urban areas, income inequality, higher literacy and better healthcare.
Environmental Impacts: Deforestation, water/air pollution, increasing emissions, and climate change have been heavily impacted by economic growth in India.
Historical Context: India's economic growth is dependent on its vast amounts of resources.

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Description

This quiz explores the various indicators used to measure a country's development, including social, economic, and environmental factors. Test your knowledge on concepts such as GDP, life expectancy, and literacy rates, and understand how these indicators influence overall development.