Development Goals and Income
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Questions and Answers

What main factor contributes to the classification of countries as rich or poor according to the World Bank?

  • Natural resources
  • Average income (correct)
  • Economic growth rate
  • Population size
  • Excessive mining of resources does not have any impact on groundwater sustainability.

    False (B)

    What is the infant mortality rate?

    It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.

    Countries with per capita income more than _____ per annum are classified as rich countries.

    <p>US$ 12,236</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following issues with their impacts:

    <p>Mining resources = Depletion of natural resources Factory emissions = Environmental pollution Water pollution = Impact on living conditions High infant mortality rate = Health crisis for children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a possible development goal of landless rural laborers?

    <p>Access to luxury cars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Average income provides complete information about income distribution among the people.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the construction of dams can be seen as both development and a displacement issue.

    <p>Construction of dams leads to the generation of hydroelectricity, which is seen as development; however, many people are displaced from their villages, making it not development for them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of development?

    <p>A process of growing and becoming better (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Different people have the same developmental goals.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one material goal that individuals may seek in their development?

    <p>money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries are compared based on __________ income rather than total income.

    <p>per capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-material goal of development?

    <p>Having more friends (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their respective development goals:

    <p>Landless rural laborer = More days of work Rich boy = Admission to reputed college Rich girl = Freedom like her brother Industrialist = More dams for electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Per capita income can sometimes mask income disparities in a population.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a landless rural laborer desire at an individual level?

    <p>More days of work and better wages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as necessary for a good quality of life?

    <p>High Income (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Money can ensure a pollution-free and clean environment.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does UNDP stand for?

    <p>United Nations Development Programme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-material factors such as equal treatment, freedom, and _____ are important for living well.

    <p>security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following criteria with their classification:

    <p>Total Income = Material Criteria Per Capita Income = Material Criteria Equal Opportunity to Learn = Non-Material Criteria Good Health = Non-Material Criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion assessed by the World Bank for comparing countries?

    <p>Geographical area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kerala has a high Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Body Mass Index (BMI) classify as undernourished?

    <p>BMI less than 18.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Human Development Report ranks India at _______ position.

    <p>130th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following countries with their respective ranks in the Human Development Report:

    <p>India = 130th Sri Lanka = 76th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about public facilities is true?

    <p>Basic health facilities in Kerala ensure proper medical treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A country can be classified as developed solely based on its wealth.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean anticipated duration of an individual's life at birth called?

    <p>Life Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Development

    The process of growth and improvement, encompassing both material and non-material aspects.

    Different developmental goals

    Individuals and societies may have differing ideas about what constitutes improvement and well-being.

    Per capita income

    The average income earned by each person in a country or region, calculated by dividing the total income by the population.

    Comparing development

    Assessing the progress of different countries or regions based on factors like income, quality of life, and opportunities.

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    Average income

    The total income of a region divided by the population size; it represents the income earned per person on average.

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    Material development

    Improvement in tangible things like money, houses, and possessions.

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    Non-material development

    Improvement and betterment of factors such as freedom, relationships, equality, and respect.

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    Income as a measure of development

    Total income of a country usually serves as a primary criterion used to assess a country's or region's development standing.

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    Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

    The number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births.

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    Literacy Rate

    Percentage of people aged 5 and above who can read and write.

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    Net Attendance Ratio

    Percentage of teenagers (14-15 years old) attending school.

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    Life Expectancy

    Average number of years a person is expected to live.

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    Body Mass Index (BMI)

    A measure of body fat based on height and weight.

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    Public Facilities: Why are they important?

    Public facilities (like healthcare, clean water, and education) are essential for a good life, even though you can't buy them with money.

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    Human Development Report (HDR)

    A report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that ranks countries based on their development levels.

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    Sustainability of Development

    Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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    What is development?

    Development means progress and improvement, but what it means varies for different people. It can involve things like better living conditions, better education, or more job opportunities.

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    Why do different people have different ideas about development?

    Different people experience different realities. For example, a dam might bring electricity, but it could also displace communities, making it a positive development for some and negative for others.

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    What is infant mortality rate?

    The infant mortality rate is the number of babies who die before their first birthday out of every 1000 live births in a year.

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    How do we define a rich country?

    A country is considered 'rich' when its citizens, on average, earn a certain amount of income – usually above $12,236 per year.

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    What is the World Bank's main measure of wealth?

    The World Bank uses per capita income (average income per person) to categorize countries as rich or poor.

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    What are the limitations of using average income to measure wealth?

    Average income doesn't show differences among individuals or groups within a country. It also doesn't consider factors like quality of life, education, or healthcare.

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    What are some development goals for landless rural laborers?

    They might wish for better job opportunities, higher wages, better living facilities, and access to quality education for their children.

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    Is money enough for a good life?

    No, money alone does not ensure a good quality of life. While it can provide material goods and services, it cannot guarantee non-material factors like health, freedom, and equality.

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    What factors contribute to a good life?

    A good life encompasses both material and non-material aspects. While money helps, factors like a clean environment, good health, freedom, and equal opportunities are crucial.

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    Can money buy everything?

    No, money can't buy everything. It can't buy happiness, good health, strong relationships, or a secure future. These are different kinds of well-being that money cannot guarantee.

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    Why is income not the only measure of development?

    Income is an important factor but it's not the only indicator of development. Other non-material factors such as education, healthcare, and social opportunities are essential.

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    UNDP criteria

    The UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) uses both material (income) and non-material criteria (education, healthcare, etc.) to assess a country's development.

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    Material vs. Non-material development?

    Material development focuses on increasing tangible goods and services, while non-material development focuses on improving aspects like freedom, equality, and social well-being.

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    Study Notes

    Development

    • Development is the process of growing and becoming better
    • Ideas of development differ at an individual and national level
    • Example: A landless rural laborer may desire more days of work and better wages at the individual level. At the national level, he may want a good education and health facilities in the local area.
    • Different people have different developmental goals
    • Example: Boy from rich family goal: admission to good college. Girl's goal: freedom like her brother.
    • What may be development for one, may not be development for another.

    Income and Other Goals

    • A person has two types of development goals:
      • Material things (money, car, house)
      • Non-material things (freedom, friends, equality, respect)
    • Both material and non-material things are equally important for development
    • Total income of a country is the main criterion in comparing a developed country with an underdeveloped one
    • Higher income countries are considered more developed
    • Total income of a country is equivalent to the aggregate income of all its residents
    • Countries are compared based on average income (per capita income) rather than total income. This is because total income varies with population size.

    Comparison through Per Capita Income

    • Per capita income = Total income of country / Total population of country
    • Averages serve as a useful tool for comparison, but they can mask disparities (differences). For example, if a few people have very high income, the average income will appear higher than it really is.
    • The World Bank assesses countries by comparing them based on per capita income
    • A country with $12,056 or higher per capita income in 2017 is categorized as rich.
    • A country with $955 or less is categorized as low-income.
    • India's per capita income in 2017 was $1820, making it a low-middle-income country.

    Other Criteria

    • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): The ratio of the number of children who die before their first birthday out of every 1000 live births.
    • Literacy Rate: Percentage of the population aged five years and above that is literate.
    • Net Attendance Ratio: Percentage of children aged 14-15 who are attending school out of the total number of children in the same age group
    • Life Expectancy: Mean anticipated duration of an individual's life at the time of birth
    • Body Mass Index (BMI): A universal standard for assessing undernourishment. A BMI less than 18.5 is considered undernourished.

    Public Facilities

    • Money may not be enough for a good life. Other things are needed like clean air, safe medicines.
    • Government-provided public facilities are the most cost effective
    • Kerala is a preferred living destination with a low Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
      • Effective public distribution system ensures food access
      • Adequate health facilities
      • Quality education contributes to awareness

    Human Development Report

    • Published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
    • Uses per capita income, literacy rate, and life expectancy to assess development.
    • Some affluent countries may not be considered developed due to low education and health standards given other criteria.
    • India ranks 130th, while Sri Lanka ranks 76th in the Human Development Report.

    Sustainability of Development

    • Development should occur without harming the environment
    • Groundwater is at risk of overuse, posing a serious threat to its sustainability.
    • Excessive mining depletes valuable resources like iron
    • Factories cause harmful emissions: smoke, gases
    • Water and air pollution impact living conditions

    Top Seven Questions (Short Answer/3 Marks)

    • Question 1: What may be development for one may not be development for the other. Explain with examples.
    • Question 2: Define Infant mortality rate.
    • Question 3: Which countries are known as rich countries based on per capita income?
    • Question 4: What is the main norm used by the World Bank in classifying countries as rich and poor?
    • Question 5: Describe 3 possible development goals of landless rural laborers.
    • Question 6: "Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well." Agree or disagree with statement?
    • Question 7: "Though the level of income is important, it is not an inadequate measure of development." Justify.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of development, focusing on individual and national goals. It delves into how different people prioritize material and non-material aspects of development, and how these goals vary across socioeconomic backgrounds. Understanding these differences is crucial for evaluating development on both personal and national levels.

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