Class 10 Economics Notes (Development) PDF

PRASHANT KIRAD 1 CLASS 10 NOTES ECONOMICS Development PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD 2 DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Development is the process of growing and becoming better. Ideas of deve...

PRASHANT KIRAD 1 CLASS 10 NOTES ECONOMICS Development PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD 2 DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Development is the process of growing and becoming better. Ideas of development differ at an individual and national level. Example: A landless rural laborer may desire more days of work and better wages at the individual level, but at the national level, he may want a good education and health facilities in the local area. WHAT DEVELOPMENT PROMISES - DIFFERENT PEOPLE, DIFFERENT GOALS: Different People have different developmental goals. For Example: the developmental goal of a boy from a rich urban family would be to get admission to a reputed college, whereas the developmental goal of a girl from a rich urban family would be to get as much freedom as her brother. What may be development for one may not be development for another.  PRASHANT KIRAD 3 For Example: To get more electricity, an industrialist may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of displaced people, such as tribes. INCOME AND OTHER GOALS: 1) Material Things - money, car, house, etc. 2) Non-material Things - freedom, friends, equality, respect, etc. Both material and non-material things are equally important or we can say that for development, people look at a mix of goals. Comparing the Development of Different Countries/States: The total income of a country is the main criterion for comparing a developed country with an underdeveloped one. Countries with higher income are more developed than other countries as more income means more of all the things that a human being needs. # Countries are compared based on average income, also known as per capita income, rather than total income, as the latter varies with population size among different nations.  PRASHANT KIRAD 4 Comparison through Per capita Income: Although 'averages' serve as a useful tool for comparison, they can mask disparities. For instance, if a small segment of the population has a significantly high income, the average income may also appear elevated, obscuring the true nature of the overall economic situation. Assuming both countries have only 5 people each, despite both having an average income or per capita income of ₹9000/-, it's evident that country X is superior to country Y. The World Bank assesses countries by comparing them based on their per capita income. Other Criteria: Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the ratio of the number of children who perish before reaching one year of age to every 1,000 live births in a given year.  PRASHANT KIRAD 5 Literacy Rate is the percentage of the population aged five years and above that is literate. Net Attendance Ratio is the percentage of children in the age group of 14 and 15 years who are attending school out of the total number of children in the same age group. Life Expectancy is the mean anticipated duration of an individual's life at the time of birth. Internationally, the Body Mass Index (BMI) serves as a universal standard for assessing whether an adult is undernourished or not. A BMI less than 18.5 is considered undernourished, while a BMI of 25 or lower is considered normal. Public Facilities: The money you have may not be enough to buy everything you need for a good life. For example, money can't get you clean air or make sure the medicines you buy are safe unless you can move to a place that already has these things. Government-provided public facilities are the most cost-effective and efficient means to collectively offer these goods and services. Kerala is a preferred living destination with a low Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). The state's effective public distribution system ensures that everyone has access to healthy food. Adequate provision of basic health facilities in Kerala ensures proper medical treatment for residents. Kerala's proper education facilities contribute to raising awareness among the population.  PRASHANT KIRAD 6 Human Development Report: The Human Development Report, published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), stands out as one of the premier methods for assessing development. Despite being affluent, some countries in the Middle East lack adequate education and health standards, which disqualifies them from being classified as developed nations. In the Human Development Report (HDR), India holds the 130th rank, while Sri Lanka secures the 76th position. Sustainability of Development: Development should occur without causing harm to the environment. Groundwater is at risk of overuse, posing a serious threat to its sustainability. Excessive mining of resources like iron, gold, silver, and coal, along with crude oil extraction, depletes these valuable stocks. Factories emitting smoke and harmful gases contribute to environmental pollution. Water and air pollution issues impact the current living conditions and have implications for future generations.  PRASHANT KIRAD 7 # Top Seven Questions: Short Answer Type Questions (1 - 3 Marks) 1. “What may be development for one may not be development for the other.” Explain with suitable examples. {2019} Ans: Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different. For example, Construction of dams leads to generation of hydroelectricity, thus development. However many people have been displaced from their villages, hence it may not be development for them. 2. Define Infant mortality rate. {CBSE 2020} Ans: Infant mortality rate It indicates the number of children that die before the age year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year. 3. Which countries are known as rich countries on the basis of per capita income? {CBSE 2012, 2010} Ans: Countries with PCI more than US$ 12,236 per annum are known as rich countries on the basis of per capita income. 4. What is the main norm used by the World Bank in classifying different countries as rich and poor countries? What are the restrictions of such norms? {CBSE 2015} Ans: The main norm used by the World Bank in classifying different countries as rich and poor countries is per capita income. a. Average income hides the disparity. b. Average income does not tell us the distribution of income among the people. c. It is just a material criteria for the comparison.  PRASHANT KIRAD 8 5. Describe any three possible development goals of landless rural laborers. {CBSE 2016} Ans: The three possible development goals of landless rural laborers are: a. Have basic facilities and more days of work. b. Better wages. c. Quality education to their children in the nearby government school. Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks) 6. "Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well" Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments. {CBSE 2021} Ans. Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and material goods alone are not an adequate indicator of a good quality of life. Money cannot buy all the goods services one needs to live well. Money cannot buy a pollution free and clean environment with fresh air. It cannot protect us from infectious diseases and guarantee good health for us. Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are not adulterated. To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal treatment, freedom, security, equal opportunity to learn etc. 7. “Though the level of income is important, it is not an inadequate measure of development.” Justify the statement. {CBSE 2015} Ans. It is true to say that the level of income is also an important criterion for comparing the countries because it helps in fulfilling  PRASHANT KIRAD 9 the greater demands of the people. Higher income countries are more developed than the lower income countries. a. But just the level of income is not a useful criterion. Along with it the other non¬material criteria should be used. b. UNDP’s criteria is the best criteria for comparing the countries with respect to the other criteria because the other criteria like total income and per capita income are the material criteria whereas the UNDP uses both the material and non-material criteria for the comparison. It gives the real picture of the development of a country.