Development Concepts Chapter 1

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Questions and Answers

What is a significant outcome of the growth in emerging economies?

Reduction in poverty levels (correct)

Increase in state capacities

Decrease in global competition

Decline of urban populations

Which demographic trend is observed in many countries?

Ageing populations leading to inverted age pyramids (correct)

Stable consumer behavior across all age groups

Increasing birth rates in rural areas

Decreasing urban population growth

Which of the following statements about budget deficits is true?

Rich countries face bigger problems with budget deficits and sovereign debt. (correct)

They are a greater concern in emerging countries compared to rich countries.

Budget deficits do not impact state capacity.

Austerity measures have increased state capacity.

What indicates a shift in global economic power according to demographic trends?

Rise in income inequality within countries Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to the emergence of new multinational firms?

Increased foreign exchange reserves in developing economies Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the new world economy?

Rapid communication and knowledge exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following developments did NOT contribute to the hyper-globalized world economy?

Rise of labor unions in the 1980s Signup and view all the answers

What does the United Nations define as human development?

Improvement in human capabilities and choices Signup and view all the answers

How does technological change impact companies in the new economy?

They must adapt to offer faster and innovative products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the limitations of the new world economy?

Barriers to labor movement Signup and view all the answers

Which three factors are measured in the Human Development Index?

Life expectancy, educational attainment, and income Signup and view all the answers

In the 20th century, development was primarily identified with which aspect?

Economic growth Signup and view all the answers

What major event served as a reality check for the context of the new world economy?

The financial crisis of 2008 Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the market approach to development?

Minimizing government influence and promoting private sector solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a measure of development?

Possession of luxury items Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a nation from a state?

A nation is composed of people with shared attributes. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of global policy issues, which is NOT considered a key player?

Terrestrial ecosystems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of sustainable development as defined by the Brundtland Commission?

To meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the traditional state?

Militarized alliances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic objectives of a good society as envisioned by sustainable development?

Technological advancement Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty of Westphalia is significant because it established the concept of what?

Sovereignty of states Signup and view all the answers

What has the new reality of global challenges implied about state sovereignty?

States increasingly share governance with external entities. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes global policy issues?

They involve large-scale changes necessitating multinational collective action. Signup and view all the answers

Which governance structure may include elements of both democracy and autocracy?

Anocracy Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which factor significantly contributes to the stresses on the planet?

The demographic explosion. Signup and view all the answers

The coordination of military policies has become necessary due to which international reality?

Nuclear weapons and intercontinental missiles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a global policy issue?

Global warming. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of urbanization as mentioned in the content?

Deforestation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the state in the context of coping with global issues?

It struggles with new realities and shared governance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the complexity of global policy issues?

They are characterized by interconnected economic, social, and environmental variables. Signup and view all the answers

What impacts have been associated with the demographic explosion mentioned in the content?

Increased levels of poverty and conflict. Signup and view all the answers

What has significantly eroded state sovereignty since 1948?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is most undermined as a result of migration and globalization?

State as a unit of collective identity Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of treaties and conventions in global governance?

They have a slow process of agreement and implementation. Signup and view all the answers

Which view suggests a 'beacon of universal values' perspective on world order?

American view Signup and view all the answers

Which international body is associated with political governance?

OECD Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is specifically associated with the G7 and G20 groupings?

Too exclusive and broad in scope Signup and view all the answers

What role does humanitarian intervention play in relation to state sovereignty?

It challenges state sovereignty. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important limitation of intergovernmental conferences (IGCs)?

They are weak on global problem solving. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1: Introduction; What is Development

Development refers to how economies improve well-being through societies.
Well-being can be defined in many ways including more stuff, longer lives, better health, happier people, etc.
The UN defines human development as enlarging human capabilities and choices, not just material possessions.
The Human Development Index (HDI) ranks nations based on health (life expectancy), knowledge (education), and living standards (GNI).
The HDI considers more than just material possessions.
20th-century development was equated with economic growth, measured by GNP/per capita income
A materialistic view of progress, where development was considered to be economic growth.
20th century development strategies included government intervention, focusing on creating jobs and providing social services, and a market-approach, minimizing government influence and relying on the private sector.
21st-century development prioritizes sustainability, aiming to meet present needs without harming future generations.
Sustainable development is seen in terms of the needs of the present without endangering those of the future generations ("Brundtland Commission, Our Common Future, 1987").

Global Policy Issues

Large-scale changes require international cooperation for solutions (e.g., global warming, acid rain).
Global policy issues are complex and uncertain, involving multiple interwoven factors (economic, social, demographic, environmental and geopolitical variables).

Two "Big Forces": Demography & the New Economy

Global population growth (8.065 billion) creates unprecedented pressure on resources (land, water, food).
The new global economy is characterized by interconnectedness (globalization), technology-driven changes (faster, cheaper products), and financial markets that facilitate global interactions.

The "New" World Economy

Four features of the "new" world economy: speed and agility, global flows of capital and goods (but not people), knowledge intensity, and hypercompetition.

Unprecedented Challenges

Rapidly changing global conditions require adaptation from individuals, businesses, and governments, with past successes providing no guarantees of future success.
Demographic and economic trends create urgent challenges requiring global collaboration and foresight.
The "Great Acceleration" refers to the rapid changes since 1950, including population growth, economic development, and environmental impact.

Four Types of Global Issues

Global commons problems (global warming, biodiversity loss, resource depletion)
Socio-economic issues (poverty, conflict, inequality, inequality)
Legal and regulatory issues (global trade, finance, migration, property rights)
Issues concerning shared values (human rights, democracy, liberty)

Key Players & New Realities

States remain important but aren't the only actors in global policy.
Other players include businesses, NGOs, social networks, and international organizations.
The traditional nation-state concept is challenged by globalization, migration, and interconnectedness.
State governance faces issues in defense, authority, identity, sovereignty, and economic activity.

Challenges to the (Westphalian) International System

Nuclear weapons and intercontinental missiles require coordinated international military policy.
Sovereignty is challenged by human rights agreements, global organizations, and economic alliances.
State identity and borders are increasingly threatened by migration and globalization.
The state's role in economic activity is questioned by globalized production and trade.
Interdependence makes it difficult for nations to maintain political independence.

Instruments of Governance

Treaties and conventions
Intergovernmental conferences (IGCs)
Groups like the G7, G8, and G20
Multinational organizations (UN, OECD, IMF, World Bank, WTO)
Networked governance

Global Turning Points

"Emerging economies" are rapidly developing, leading to a redistribution of global influence.
Population demographics, technological progress, and shifts in consumption patterns affect societies.
Increased budget deficits and sovereign debt, and declining state capacity are significant political concerns.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of development in this introductory chapter. Learn how well-being is measured beyond material possessions, the role of the Human Development Index (HDI), and the evolution of development strategies from the 20th to the 21st century.