Development Factors: HDI & GII Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor used to determine a country's level of development according to the Human Development Index (HDI)?

  • Life expectancy
  • Access to knowledge
  • Levels of gender equality (correct)
  • Standard of living

Which of the following is an accurate difference between Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and More Developed Countries (MDCs)?

  • LDCs are characterized by higher rates of urbanization, while MDCs exhibit lower rates.
  • MDCs rely primarily on secondary and tertiary sectors, while LDCs are heavily dependent on the primary sector. (correct)
  • LDCs have higher levels of industrialization and advanced technology compared to MDCs.
  • MDCs generally experience higher rates of population growth, while LDCs have lower rates.

The International Trade approach to development, also known as World Systems Theory, emphasizes which of the following principles?

  • Encouraging self-sufficiency and promoting domestic industries within developing countries.
  • Promoting fair trade practices that prioritize social and environmental sustainability.
  • Focusing on the redistribution of wealth from developed countries to developing countries.
  • Establishing global trade relationships that benefit developing countries by specializing in their comparative advantages. (correct)

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) measures which of the following?

<p>The extent to which a country's HDI score is reduced due to income inequality, gender inequality, and inequality in access to education and healthcare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth model, which stage is characterized by the development of a manufacturing sector and the emergence of industrialization?

<p>Takeoff (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following international organizations aims to reduce barriers to international trade by promoting free trade and enforcing trade agreements?

<p>World Trade Organization (WTO) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way in which developing countries can obtain financing to further development?

<p>Imposing higher taxes on domestic businesses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

<p>Facilitating trade debt payments between countries by lending money to developing countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between the self-sufficiency approach to development and the international trade approach?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Human Development Index (HDI), what is the range of scores for countries classified as having a 'very high' level of development?

<p>0.79 - 1.0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor used to measure a country's 'standard of living' according to the text?

<p>Life Expectancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organizations provides a platform for countries to resolve trade disputes and negotiate trade agreements?

<p>World Trade Organization (WTO) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Gross National Income (GNI) and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?

<p>GNI measures the value of goods and services produced within a country, while PPP adjusts GNI for inflation and considers the cost of living. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which job category is associated with the extraction of raw materials from the earth, such as mining or agriculture?

<p>Primary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A country with a very high HDI score is generally expected to have which of the following characteristics?

<p>A high life expectancy, a high literacy rate, and a high average years of schooling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Inequity-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) in relation to a country's overall HDI?

<p>It measures the level of development within a country, taking into account the distribution of income. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) specifically focuses on which of the following aspects?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the two main approaches to development - self-sufficiency and international trade - is CORRECT?

<p>Self-sufficiency emphasizes protecting domestic businesses from foreign competition, while international trade promotes open markets and global integration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument for why international trade has become the preferred approach to development?

<p>It allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services where they have a comparative advantage, leading to increased efficiency and economic growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microfinance plays a crucial role in development by providing which of the following?

<p>Small loans to individuals and small businesses to start or expand their ventures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Development

Improving the quality of life of citizens through measured progress.

HDI

Human Development Index, measures development from 0 to 1.

GNI

Gross National Income, yearly value of all produced goods and services.

PPP

Purchasing Power Parity, adjusts GNI for inflation per person.

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Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live.

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IHDI

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index measuring inequality within a country.

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GII

Gender Inequality Index, assesses gender inequality; lower is better.

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Self-Sufficiency

Development strategy focused on making everything domestically with no international trade.

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International Trade

Development strategy involving selling and buying with international competitors.

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Microfinance

Small loans provided to small businesses to encourage development.

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HDI Factors

Standard of living, life expectancy, access to knowledge determine a country's Human Development Index.

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GII Factors

Empowerment, labor force participation, and reproductive health determine Gender Inequality Index levels.

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Primary Jobs

Jobs that extract resources directly from the Earth.

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Secondary Jobs

Jobs that manufacture goods from raw materials.

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Tertiary Jobs

Jobs that provide services or sell products.

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International Trade Model

Development strategy focused on exporting goods and attracting foreign investments.

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WTO Functions

World Trade Organization reduces trade barriers and enforces agreements.

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Developing vs Developed Countries

LDCs have low HDI, lower life expectancy, MDCs have high HDI and higher life expectancy.

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Study Notes

Development Factors (HDI & GII)

  • HDI (Human Development Index): Measures a country's development using three factors:
    • Standard of living (GNI, PPP)
    • Life expectancy
    • Access to knowledge (years of schooling, expected years of schooling, literacy rate)
  • GII (Gender Inequality Index): Measures gender inequality using three factors:
    • Empowerment (female representation in government and education)
    • Labor force (female labor force participation)
    • Reproductive health (maternal mortality rate, adolescent fertility rate)
  • HDI Categorization: High, medium, and low development levels are determined based on HDI scores, not specific regions.

Job Types

  • Primary: Extracting resources from the Earth.
  • Secondary: Manufacturing products.
  • Tertiary: Providing services and selling products.

Developed vs. Developing Countries (LDC vs. MDC)

  • LDC (Less Developed Country): Lower HDI, lower life expectancy, lower infant/child survival rates, and fewer years of schooling.
  • MDC (More Developed Country): Higher HDI, higher life expectancy, higher infant/child survival rates, and more years of schooling.

Inequality Measurement

  • IHDI (Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index): Measures the inequality within a country, comparing it to the overall HDI. If IHDI is lower than the HDI, the country has inequality.

Development Theories

  • Rostow's Stages of Growth: A five-stage model of economic development.
  • Wallerstein's World-Systems Theory: Views development within an international trade approach.

Development Approaches

  • Self-Sufficiency: Prioritizes domestic production and reducing reliance on international trade. Associated with potential inefficiencies and corruption.
  • International Trade: Focuses on international trade and competition to stimulate economic growth.

WTO and Trade Barriers

  • The WTO aims to reduce barriers to international trade by reducing restrictions and enforcing agreements.

Financing Development

  • Developing countries obtain financing through multilateral institutions like:
    • IMF
    • World Bank
    • Microfinance organizations (small loans to businesses)

Roles of International Organizations

  • European Union: Promotes reduced tariffs and taxes in international trade.
  • United Nations: Tracks development levels through HDI/IHDI/GII.
  • NATO: Maintains peace among member states (and potentially others).
  • WTO: Resolves trade disputes and reduces trade barriers.
  • IMF: Facilitates international trade payments via loans.
  • World Bank: Provides loans for development projects.

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