Deuterostome Development and Cleavage
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Questions and Answers

In deuterostome development, which structure typically forms from the blastopore?

  • Mesoderm
  • Mouth
  • Ectoderm
  • Anus (correct)

    • During gastrulation, an embryo's developing digestive tube initially forms as a?

  • Gastrula
  • Coelom
  • Archenteron (correct)
  • Blastula

    • What is a characteristic of indeterminate cleavage in deuterostome development?

  • Each cell produced retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo (correct)
  • The cells form a hollow ball of cells called a blastula
  • The cells separate into distinct germ layers
  • Each cell produced has a fixed fate

    • What is the term for the process by which the blastopore forms the mouth in protostome development?

    <p>Protostomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of the coelom during embryonic development?

    <p>Coelom formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of identical twins in deuterostome development?

    <p>They result from indeterminate cleavage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of bilateral symmetry in animals?

    <p>Dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between protostome and deuterostome development?

    <p>Patterns of cleavage, coelom formation, and blastopore fate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of molecular data in understanding animal phylogeny?

    <p>It provides new views of animal phylogeny (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of deuterostomy?

    <p>Anus develops from the blastopore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of blastopore fate in understanding animal phylogeny?

    <p>It is a characteristic that has changed multiple times over the course of evolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ancestral blastopore fate?

    <p>Protostomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cleavage in deuterostome development?

    <p>Radial and indeterminate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In deuterostome development, what is the origin of the coelom?

    <p>Mesodermal outpocketings of the archenteron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the blastopore in deuterostome development?

    <p>Mouth forms from a secondary opening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of isolating a cell from a snail at the four-cell stage?

    <p>It will form an inviable embryo that lacks many parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cleavage planes in deuterostome development?

    <p>Parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the radial cleavage pattern in deuterostome development?

    <p>Tiers of cells are aligned, one directly above the other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of animal tissues that allows for flexibility and movement?

    <p>Absence of cell walls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reproduction produces genetically identical offspring in animals?

    <p>Asexual reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of connective tissue in animals?

    <p>To provide structural support and protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feeding strategy involves feeding on waste products of other organisms?

    <p>Decomposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the union of a sperm and an egg in animal reproduction?

    <p>A zygote with genetically diverse offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During embryonic development, what is the process by which cells migrate inward to form a second layer?

    <p>Gastrulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of cell migration inward to form a second layer of cells during embryonic development?

    <p>Invagination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe animals that lack a coelom?

    <p>Acoelomates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the layer of cells that forms the lining of the digestive cavity?

    <p>Endoderm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the space that forms from the mesoderm in higher animals?

    <p>Coelom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals has two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm?

    <p>Cnidarians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of formation of a second layer of embryonic tissue called the endoderm?

    <p>Invagination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of protostome development where cells divide in a spiral pattern?

    <p>Spiral cleavage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the formation of the coelom in true coelomates?

    <p>Schizo-coelom formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of deuterostome development where the blastopore develops into the anus?

    <p>Deuterostomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of true coelomates that form the mouth first during embryonic development?

    <p>Protostomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of true coelomates that have a cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm cells?

    <p>True coelomates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of cell migration inward to form a second layer of cells during embryonic development?

    <p>Gastrulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of animals that belong to the clade Bilateria?

    <p>Bilateral symmetry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals is considered the basal group and sister taxa to the rest of the animals?

    <p>Porifera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of deuterostome development?

    <p>Mouth forms second (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of protostome development?

    <p>Mouth forms first (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the molecular phylogenetic tree?

    <p>Divided into two main groups: Deuterostomia and Protostomia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of animals that belong to the group Ecdysozoa?

    <p>Are part of the subgroup Protostomia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Characteristics of Animals

    • Animals are heterotrophs, acquiring energy through consuming food, unlike plants that produce energy through photosynthesis
    • This characteristic is used to classify animals based on their feeding strategies

    Feeding Strategies

    • Herbivores: feed on plant material (producers)
    • Carnivores: feed on consumers of plants
    • Decomposers: feed on waste products of other organisms
    • Parasites: feed on other organisms without killing them immediately

    Tissues in Animals

    • Muscular tissue: unique to animals
    • Nervous tissue: unique to animals
    • Connective tissue: provides structural support and protection
    • Epithelial tissue: lines the outside and inside of the body, including cavities and organs

    Characteristics of Animal Tissues

    • Cells lack cell walls, allowing for flexibility and movement in animals
    • Support for animal cells and tissues comes from specialized forms of tissues like bone, cartilage, and tough forms of skin

    Reproduction in Animals

    • Asexual reproduction: produces genetically identical offspring (e.g., budding, fragmentation in sponges, cnidarians)
    • Sexual reproduction: requires sex cells (sperm and egg) and produces genetically diverse offspring
    • Fertilization: the union of sperm and egg resulting in a zygote

    Embryonic Development

    • Zygote divides into multiple cells through reduction divisions, without cell growth
    • Cells form a sphere-shaped structure called a blastula, which is hollow and filled with fluid
    • Gastrulation: cells migrate inward to form a second layer, resulting in the formation of ectoderm and endoderm layers
    • Development may continue to form a gastrula with three layers, used as a criterion for animal classification

    Embryonic Development of Animals

    • Blastula is a hollow sphere of cells filled with fluid (blastocoel) that forms during the embryonic development of animals.
    • Cells migrate inside the blastula to form a second layer of embryonic tissue called the endoderm.
    • The endoderm layer leads to the development of a gastrovascular cavity in animals like cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, anemones).

    Germ Layers

    • Sponges have no germ layers and no true tissues.
    • Cnidarians have two germ layers: ectoderm (outside) and endoderm (inside).
    • Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) and higher animals have three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (in between).
    • The presence of two or three germ layers is used in classification, with diploblastic animals having two layers and triploblastic animals having three layers.

    Coelom and Cavities

    • The mesoderm layer forms a space or coelom in higher animals.
    • The coelom can be fully developed (true coelom) or partially developed (false coelom or pseudo-coelom).
    • Examples of true coelom include mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates.
    • Examples of false coelom or pseudo-coelom include nematodes and Roryphians.
    • The coelom gives rise to internal cavities, such as thoracic and abdominal cavities in humans, where organs develop and function.
    • Animals without a coelom are referred to as acoelomates, such as flatworms (Platyhelminthes).

    Classification

    • Cnidarians are classified as diploblastic, having two germ layers.
    • Flatworms are classified as triploblastic, having three germ layers, but are acoelomate.
    • Higher animals are classified as triploblastic, having three germ layers, and may have a true coelom or pseudo-coelom.
    • Animals with three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) are classified into three groups: true coelomates, pseudo-coelomates, and acoelomates.

    True Coelomates (Eutelomates)

    • True coelomates have a true coelom, a cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm cells.
    • True coelomates are subdivided into protostomes and deuterostomes.

    Protostomes

    • Protostomes are true coelomates that form the mouth first during embryonic development.
    • Characteristics of protostomes include:
    • Spiral cleavage, where cells divide in a spiral pattern.
    • Coelom formation by splitting from the blastopore, also known as schizo-coelom formation.
    • Terminate development, where the removal of a cell from an embryo terminates its development.

    Deuterostomes

    • Deuterostomes are true coelomates that form the anus first during embryonic development, and the mouth forms later.
    • Characteristics of deuterostomes include:
    • Radial cleavage, where cells divide in a radial pattern.
    • Coelom formation from outpockets of the primitive gut, also known as enterocoelom formation.
    • Indeterminate development, where the removal of a cell from an embryo does not terminate its development.

    Morphological Classification and Phylogenetic Trees

    • Morphological classification of animals focuses on forms recognizable in adults and throughout development, including embryonic development.
    • Phylogenetic trees are rooted trees that identify the hypothesized ancestor to all animals, which is a colonial kawano flagellate.

    Early Animal Evolution

    • The earliest animals are metazoans, which are multi-cellular organisms.
    • The phylum Porifera (sponges) is considered the basal group and is sister taxa to the rest of the animals.

    Body Plans and Symmetry

    • Animals with true tissues belong to the clade Bilateria, which refers to bilateral symmetry.
    • Cnidarians (jellyfish, anemones) and comb jellies have radial symmetry and do not belong to Bilateria.
    • Deuterostomes are characterized by radial cleavage, formation of the coelom from pockets in the gut, and a primitive gut (archenteron).
    • Protostomes are characterized by a blastopore that becomes the mouth.
    • In deuterostomes, the mouth forms second, while in protostomes, the mouth forms first.

    Molecular Phylogenetic Tree

    • The molecular phylogenetic tree is based on molecular differences, such as genes controlling embryonic development.
    • The tree is divided into two main groups: Deuterostomia and Protostomia.
    • Deuterostomia includes animals such as vertebrates and some invertebrates.
    • Protostomia is divided into two subdivisions: Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa.
    • Lophotrochozoa includes animals characterized by a feeding structure called a trochophore larva and a larval stage called the trocophore.
    • Lophotrochozoa includes animals such as mollusks, annelids, and platyhelminthes.
    • Ecdysozoa includes animals characterized by the process of ecdysis, where they molt their exoskeleton to grow.
    • Ecdysozoa includes animals such as nematodes, arthropods, and tardigrades.

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    Description

    Learn about the characteristics of deuterostome development, including indeterminate cleavage, and its significance in the formation of identical twins and embryonic development.

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