Descriptive Statistics: Definitions and Measures

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Questions and Answers

Considering the sentence, 'The sizzling sun scorched the sandy shore, silently stealing strength from sunbathers,' which literary and sound devices are employed?

  • Hyperbole
  • Consonance
  • Understatement
  • Metaphor
  • Personification (correct)
  • Apostrophe
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Simile
  • Alliteration (correct)
  • Allusion
  • Assonance

In the line, 'Life is but a dream, oh fleeting shadow of time!' identify all the literary devices present.

  • Assonance
  • Simile (correct)
  • Apostrophe (correct)
  • Alliteration
  • Consonance
  • Personification
  • Hyperbole
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Understatement
  • Allusion
  • Metaphor (correct)

Determine which literary devices are at play in the sentence: 'The wind whispered secrets through the weeping willows.'

  • Hyperbole
  • Consonance
  • Allusion
  • Assonance
  • Understatement
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Personification (correct)
  • Simile
  • Apostrophe
  • Alliteration (correct)
  • Metaphor

Analyze the phrase: 'The city sleeps beneath a blanket of stars.' What literary device(s) can be identified?

<p>Metaphor (E), Personification (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the statement, 'He was as brave as a lion in the face of danger,' which of the following literary devices are evident?

<p>Simile (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which literary techniques are present in the sentence, 'The old house groaned under the weight of the snow'?

<p>Onomatopoeia (I), Personification (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the literary devices used in the phrase: 'A sea of troubles washed over him.'

<p>Metaphor (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering 'The books smelled faintly of old memories,' which literary device is most evident?

<p>Personification (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary device is predominantly featured in the line, 'The pen is mightier than the sword'?

<p>Metaphor (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the sound and literary devices present in the expression: 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.’

<p>Alliteration (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alliteration

The repetition of the same consonant sounds at the beginning of closely connected words.

Consonance

The repetition of the same consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of closely connected words.

Assonance

The repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words.

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the natural sound of something.

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Simile

A comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as."

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Metaphor

A direct comparison between two unlike things without using "like" or "as."

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Personification

Giving human qualities to non-human things or abstract ideas.

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Hyperbole

An over-the-top exaggeration.

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Understatement

Deliberate downplaying of something for effect.

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Apostrophe

Addressing someone absent or dead, or something nonhuman as if it could reply.

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Study Notes

Descriptive Statistics: Definitions

  • Population: The entire group of individuals or objects sharing a common characteristic.
  • Sample: A subset of the population.
  • Variable: A characteristic that is measured or observed for each individual or object in a population or sample.

Types of Variables

  • Qualitative (Categorical): Cannot be numerically measured.
    • Nominal: Unordered categories (e.g., eye color).
    • Ordinal: Ordered categories (e.g., satisfaction level).
  • Quantitative (Numerical): Can be numerically measured.
    • Discrete: Whole number values (e.g., number of children).
    • Continuous: Decimal values (e.g., height).

Parameters and Statistics

  • Parameter: A descriptive measure calculated from population data.
  • Statistic: A descriptive measure calculated from sample data.

Measures of Central Tendency

  • Mean: The sum of values divided by the number of values.
    • Population: μ = (∑ xi) / N
    • Sample: x̄ = (∑ xi) / n
  • Median: The value that separates the data into two equal parts.
  • Mode: The most frequent value.

Measures of Dispersion

  • Range: The difference between the maximum and minimum values.
  • Variance: The average of the squared differences from the mean.
    • Population: σ² = (∑ (xi - μ)²) / N
    • Sample: s² = (∑ (xi - x̄)²) / (n-1)
  • Standard Deviation: The square root of the variance.
    • Population: σ = √σ²
    • Sample: s = √s²
  • Coefficient of Variation: The ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, expressed as a percentage.
    • Population: CV = (σ / μ) × 100%
    • Sample: CV = (s / x̄) × 100%

Measures of Position

  • Quartiles: Values that divide the data into four equal parts.
    • Q1: First quartile (25% of the data below).
    • Q2: Second quartile (median).
    • Q3: Third quartile (75% of the data below).
  • Deciles: Values that divide the data into ten equal parts.
  • Percentiles: Values that divide the data into one hundred equal parts.

Graphical Representations

  • Bar Chart: Used for qualitative or discrete quantitative variables.
  • Histogram: Used for continuous quantitative variables.
  • Boxplot: A graphical representation of quartiles, median, and extreme values.
  • Scatter Plot: Used to visualize the relationship between two quantitative variables.

Frequency Tables

  • Absolute Frequency: The number of occurrences of a value.
  • Relative Frequency: The proportion of occurrences of a value (absolute frequency divided by the total number of observations).
  • Cumulative Frequency: The sum of the absolute or relative frequencies up to a given value.

Bivariate Analysis

  • Covariance: A measure of the linear relationship between two variables.
  • Correlation Coefficient: A measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables (ranges from -1 to 1).

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