Dermoid Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments

Dermoid Cyst: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments

What Are Dermoid Cysts?

Dermoid cysts are benign tumors composed of epidermal cells, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. They can occur in both males and females and typically develop in the head and neck region, although they can appear elsewhere on the body.

Causes & Development of Dermoid Cysts

Dermoid cysts arise from the sequestration of skin cells and structures during the stages of embryonic development. They form when tissue from the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, becomes trapped during closure of the body's folds, resulting in the formation of a cylindrical lip. Over time, these cells continue to multiply and create a sac filled with epidermal elements.

Symptoms Associated With Dermoid Cysts

Symptoms of dermoid cysts vary depending on the location and size of the cyst. Common signs include:

1. Painless lump or firm swelling beneath the skin
2. Irregular shape
3. Skin discoloration
4. Increased pressure in the eye in the case of orbital dermoid cysts

Another condition called 'epidermoid cyst' contains mucocutaneous junction components (including mucosa) and is classified separately from dermoid cysts.

How Are Dermoid Cysts Diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans and MRI), and histopathological analysis. Ultrasound can also be used to diagnose dermoid cysts by identifying the presence of sebaceous glands, which are characteristic of these tumors.

Treatment Options for Dermoid Cysts

Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cyst. Conservative management may include observation or aspiration if the patient is a child with a small cyst that does not interfere with ocular motility. Surgical excision using various techniques such as CO2 laser vaporization, electrocautery, or scalpel has been reported in some cases. In rare instances, spontaneous regression of dermoids has been observed.

Complications & Risks of Dermoid Cysts

Complications from dermoid cysts include infection, bleeding, scarring, and nerve damage. Rupture and leakage of cyst contents can lead to inflammation or encephalomeningitis when they enter the central nervous system. Additionally, deep orbital dermoid cysts can cause serious neurological complications due to their proximity to critical structures such as neurons and blood vessels.