Lecture 6 Part 1

A common skin growth caused by a cluster of melanocytes.

A type of mole where melanocytes are located mainly at the junction between the epidermis and dermis.

A type of mole characterized by melanocyte growth both at the junction and within the dermis.

A type of mole with melanocyte growth exclusively within the dermis.

Moles that are raised and have a skin-colored appearance.

Moles that are flat and brown in color.

A type of mole that differs from typical moles in appearance and may carry a higher risk of melanoma.

Atypical nevi often display irregular borders, shapes, and colors compared to typical moles.

A dilated hair follicle filled with dark material.

A small, flesh-colored bump.

A red, inflamed bump without a deep component.

A pus-filled bump on a red base.

A large, deep, tender nodule.

A raised scar, often flesh-colored or pink.

A depressed scar, typically narrow and deep, creating a 'pit' in the skin.

A small, non-visible plug of sebum within the hair follicle.

An open comedone is a blackhead, where the sebaceous material is exposed to air and oxidizes, giving it a dark color. A closed comedone is a whitehead, where the sebaceous material is trapped beneath the surface of the skin.

The main causative bacteria in acne, it thrives in oily environments and produces enzymes that degrade sebaceous secretions, leading to inflammation.

Androgenic hormones, such as testosterone, increase sebaceous gland secretion, provide a more favorable environment for P. acnes growth, and contribute to follicular plugging.

Treatment approaches often target the underlying factors contributing to acne. For example, in cases with predominantly comedones, treatments focus on regulating keratinocyte cohesion to prevent follicle blockage.

Topical medications like tretinoin and adapalene are most effective in reducing the stickiness between skin cells, helping to prevent acne.

Salicylic acid is a topical medication that effectively reduces the stickiness between skin cells, helping to prevent acne.

Topical medications like clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide directly fight P. acnes bacteria, reducing their populations and helping to prevent acne.

Oral antibiotics like doxycycline help reduce P. acnes bacteria populations and also have anti-inflammatory effects, reducing redness and swelling.

Isotretinoin, an oral medication, is the only treatment that can directly decrease the activity of sebaceous glands, leading to less oil production and a significant reduction in acne.

Isotretinoin effectively decreases the stickiness between skin cells, potentially leading to a permanent reduction in acne.

Oral contraceptives, particularly those with low androgenic activity or anti-androgenic properties, and spironolactone are medications used to reduce acne in women with a hormonal link to their condition.

Patient compliance is crucial for effective acne treatment. Low compliance is a common reason for treatment failure.

A skin condition characterized by dark, velvety patches, often found in skin folds, that can be associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and, in rare cases, underlying malignancies.

Weight loss is often the primary treatment for AN, particularly in individuals with obesity. This is because AN is frequently associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.

While AN is usually benign, it's essential to consider underlying causes, especially if the condition presents rapidly and aggressively, particularly in the area around the mouth.

In rare cases, AN can be a symptom of underlying malignancy, particularly gastric adenocarcinoma. The tumor may produce a substance activating the insulin-like growth factor receptor.

Acanthosis nigricans can be a sign of insulin resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes. Monitoring blood glucose levels and seeking specialist evaluation for glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia can be important.

A common skin condition characterized by rough, red bumps around hair follicles, often found on the upper arms and thighs.

A distinctive skin rash that typically starts with a large, oval, reddish-brown patch called a "herald patch". It then spreads to the trunk and limbs, sometimes forming a "Christmas Tree" pattern.

The initial, larger, reddish-brown patch that appears in pityriasis rosea. It's often located on the trunk and serves as the first sign of the condition.

A pattern observed in pityriasis rosea where the oval-shaped rash on the trunk is aligned in a way that resembles a Christmas tree.

Itching associated with skin conditions.

Medicines applied directly to the skin for treatment of conditions. In the context of pityriasis rosea, these are primarily used to manage itching.

Substances that exfoliate the skin, helping to remove dead skin cells and improve the texture of the skin. Examples include ammonium lactate and urea. These are commonly used to treat keratosis pilaris.