Depressive Disorders Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following brain regions is NOT typically associated with depression research?

  • Amygdala
  • Cerebellum (correct)
  • Hippocampus
  • Prefrontal Cortex

    • Experiencing extreme sadness for a one-week period is sufficient to diagnose Major Depressive Disorder.

    False (B)

    What is the term for excessive focus on negative thoughts or problems, a common feature in depression?

    rumination

    A key symptom of depressive disorders is a loss of interest or pleasure, also known as ______.

    <p>anhedonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with the symptom that reflects the feature:

    <p>Insomnia = Sleep disturbance Fatigue = Loss of energy Anhedonia = Loss of interest or pleasure Psychomotor agitation = Restlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using structured or semi-structured interviews in diagnosing depressive disorders?

    <p>They increase reliability and validity in diagnosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All ethnic groups present symptoms of depression in the same way.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT required for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

    <p>Delusions or hallucinations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core symptom of depressive disorders?

    <p>Increased energy levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grief and bereavement should always be diagnosed as depression.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two psychotherapy approaches used in the treatment of depression.

    <p>Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is a type of depression caused by drugs or medications.

    <p>Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following assessment tools with their description:

    <p>Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) = Most widely used screening tool for depression Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) = Measures the severity of depression symptoms Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) = Designed for screening depression in older adults Structured Clinical Interviews = Gold standard diagnostic assessment tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are most commonly associated with depression?

    <p>Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women are less likely than men to be diagnosed with depression.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two medical conditions that can cause depressive-like symptoms.

    <p>Hypothyroidism and stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chronic depressed mood for at least two years is characteristic of __________.

    <p>Persistent Depressive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for depression?

    <p>Excessive social engagement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rates of depression are the lowest among the 18-29 year old age group.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two comorbid disorders that increase the suicide risk for individuals with depressive disorders.

    <p>Bipolar disorder and substance use disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repetitive focus on negative emotions is known as __________.

    <p>rumination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a focus of 'positive psychology'?

    <p>Enhancing well-being, strengths, and resilience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their class:

    <p>Prozac = SSRI Effexor = SNRI Wellbutrin = Atypical antidepressant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

    Depressive episodes that occur at certain times of the year, typically winter.

    Symptoms of Depressive Disorders

    Persistent sadness, anhedonia, fatigue, sleep changes, worthlessness, guilt, and suicidal thoughts.

    Major Depressive Disorder diagnosis

    Requires at least five symptoms for a minimum of two weeks, including depressed mood and anhedonia.

    Relevant brain regions for depression

    Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Hypothalamus are linked to depression symptoms.

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    Duration for Major Depressive Disorder

    Extreme sadness lasting less than two weeks does not meet diagnostic criteria.

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    Cultural differences in depression symptoms

    Depression may be expressed through physical symptoms in some cultures, while others focus on emotional distress.

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    Rumination

    Excessive focus on negative thoughts or problems, which can worsen depression.

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    Benefits of structured interviews

    Increased reliability, standardized assessment, and allows clinical judgment.

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    Chronic Depressed Mood

    A persistent state of sadness lasting for at least two years, or one year in youth.

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    Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

    A diagnosis requiring at least one major depressive episode with five or more symptoms lasting two weeks or more.

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    Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

    Chronic depression with fewer symptoms than MDD but lasting at least two years.

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    Symptoms of Depression

    Common signs include persistent sadness, loss of interest, sleep/appetite changes, and fatigue.

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    Positive Psychology

    A field focusing on enhancing well-being and resilience rather than just treating illness.

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    Bipolar Disorder and Suicide Risk

    Persons with bipolar disorder are at an increased risk for suicide, especially during depressive states.

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    Substance-Induced Depressive Disorder

    Depression caused by substance use, with symptoms appearing after usage.

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    Coping Methods for Depression

    Effective strategies include exercise, therapy, social support, and mindfulness.

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    Assessment Tools for Depression

    Instruments like PHQ-9 and BDI-II help evaluate and diagnose depression severity.

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    Risk Factors for Depression

    Key factors include biological predispositions, psychological issues, and social stressors.

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    Diagnostic Considerations

    Diagnosis involves ruling out grief, medical causes, and other psychiatric disorders.

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    Prevalence of Depression

    Higher rates are seen in women, younger adults, and certain ethnic groups.

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    Therapy Types for Depression

    Common therapies include CBT, IPT, and PST to cope with depression.

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    SSRIs in Depression Treatment

    Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are common medications for treating depression.

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    Comorbidity and Suicide Risk

    Co-occurring conditions like bipolar or substance use disorders increase suicide risk in depression.

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    Study Notes

    Depressive Disorders: Study Notes

    • Seasonal Pattern: Depressive episodes linked to specific times of the year are categorized as Seasonal Pattern (Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD)

    • Symptoms of Depressive Disorders (Global): Persistent sadness, loss of interest (anhedonia), fatigue, altered sleep/appetite, concentration difficulties, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, and suicidal thoughts/behaviors define depressive disorders generally.

    • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Diagnosis Criteria: At least five symptoms present for at least two weeks, including persistent depressed mood, anhedonia, significant weight/appetite changes, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, difficulty concentrating, psychomotor agitation/retardation, and recurrent thoughts of death/suicide.

    • Brain Regions in Depression: The Prefrontal Cortex (emotion regulation), Hippocampus (memory, stress), Amygdala (emotion), and Hypothalamus (hormones) are relevant to depression research.

    • One-Week Sadness & Diagnosis: A one-week period of extreme sadness does not meet the criteria for MDD; symptoms must persist for at least two weeks, causing significant impairment.

    • Screening & Ethnicity: Screening tools may not always capture cultural differences in symptom expression across ethnic groups.

    • Structured Interviews: Structured or semi-structured interviews improve reliability and validity in diagnosis, maintain consistency across patients, and allow clinical judgment.

    • Symptom Expression & Ethnicity: Different ethnic groups may express depressive symptoms differently, some cultures showcasing their depression in physical symptoms (pain, fatigue), while others emphasize emotional distress.

    • Rumination: Rumination is characterized by excessive, repeated focus on negative thoughts or problems, often exacerbating depression.

    • Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Chronic depressed mood lasting two years (one year for children/adolescents) accompanied by at least two symptoms: poor appetite/overeating, sleep disturbances, low energy/fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, and hopelessness.

    • Mimicking Symptoms: Drug/alcohol use and various physical illnesses (like hypothyroidism) can mimic or worsen depressive disorder symptoms.

    • Positive Psychology: Positive psychology focuses on boosting well-being, resilience, and strengths rather than purely treating mental illness.

    • Coping Mechanisms: Exercise, social support, therapy, mindfulness, stress management, and cognitive-behavioral techniques can help prevent depressive symptoms.

    • Suicide Risk & Comorbidity: Bipolar disorder, substance use disorders, and certain personality disorders (like Borderline Personality Disorder) significantly increase the risk of suicide attempts/completions in individuals with depressive disorders.

    Depressive Disorder Types (DSM-5)

    • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Characterized by one or more major depressive episodes; five or more symptoms for at least two weeks, no history of mania; severity ranges from mild to severe with possible psychotic features.

    • Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Chronic depressive symptoms lasting at least two years (one for children/teens); fewer symptoms than MDD but longer duration, potentially co-occurring with MDD (double depression).

    • Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): Severe mood changes tied to menstrual cycles; symptoms appear one week before menstruation and improve afterward.

    • Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder: Depression induced by specific drugs or medications; symptoms appear after substance use.

    • Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition: Depression resulting directly from a medical issue (stroke, diabetes, Parkinson's Disease).

    • Other Specified & Unspecified Depressive Disorders: Subclinical depression where symptoms cause distress but do not fully meet MDD or dysthymia criteria.

    Symptoms of Depressive Disorders

    • Symptoms Across Disorders (Depressive Disorders Summary): Core depressive symptoms generally manifest consistently across different types of depressive disorders; the duration and specifics (e.g., depressed mood) vary depending on the disorder.

    Risk Factors and Causes of Depression

    • Biological Factors: Brain regions (prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus), and neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) play a critical role in depression.

    • Psychological Factors: Negativistic thinking and rumination (repeated focus on negative emotions) are key psychological factors in depression.

    • Social/Environmental Factors: Stressful life events, lack of social support, are environmental factors contributing to depression.

    • Medical Conditions & Substance Use: These conditions (e.g., diabetes, stroke, heart disease, alcohol/drug abuse) can mimic or aggravate depressive symptoms.

    Diagnostic Considerations

    • Diagnostic Methods: Structured clinical interviews, self-report scales, and medical history are used in diagnosing depression.
    • Differential Diagnosis: Diagnosticians distinguish depression from grief, medical causes (e.g,. hypothyroidism), and other psychiatric disorders.

    Prevalence in Different Populations

    • Gender: Women are diagnosed with depression more often than men (1.7 times higher).
    • Age: Highest rates occur in the 18-29 age group.
    • Ethnicity: Multiracial and American Indian populations often have higher prevalence rates. Asian American populations demonstrate lower rates than other groups.
    • Specific Populations: Depressive disorder rates are high for primary care patients (up to 31%), and nursing home residents (32%).

    Treatment Approaches

    • Psychotherapy: CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), IPT (interpersonal therapy), and PST (problem-solving therapy) are commonly used psychotherapeutic interventions.
    • Medication: SSRIs, SNRIs, and other atypical antidepressants are common medication treatments.
    • Lifestyle Modifications & Prevention: Exercise, diet, social engagement, and positive psychology contribute to management and prevention.

    Assessment Tools

    • Important Screening Tools: The PHQ-9, BDI-II, and GDS are commonly employed assessment tools for detecting and monitoring depression.

    Suicide Risk & Comorbid Conditions

    • Suicide Risk: High suicide risk is associated with depression.
    • Comorbid Conditions (Higher Suicide Risk): Bipolar disorder, substance use, and personality disorders increase suicide risk substantially in people with depressive disorders.

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    Description

    Explore the complexities of depressive disorders including their symptoms, diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, and the impact of brain regions. This quiz covers vital aspects of depression such as seasonal patterns and the psychological implications for individuals. Test your knowledge on these critical mental health topics.

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