Questions and Answers
Depressive disorders in DSM-5 can include a specifier for anxious distress.
True
The severity of a depressive episode is classified only as mild or moderate.
False
Childhood experiences are not considered as aetiological factors in mood disorders.
False
Melancholic features are categorized under special features of depressive episodes.
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According to DSM-5, psychotic features can be a specifier for depressive disorders.
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The biological area of investigation in mood disorders does not include monoamines.
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Clinical description of depressive episodes should be approached in a systematic way rather than a classified format.
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Life events are deemed irrelevant when investigating the aetiology of mood disorders.
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Reactive depression is classified as being independent of external stressors.
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The distinction between endogenous and reactive depression is widely accepted in current classifications.
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To diagnose major depression with melancholic features according to DSM-5, at least four specific symptoms must be present.
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Loss of appetite is not considered a biological symptom of melancholic depression.
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Both ICD-10 and DSM-5 include categories for reactive and endogenous depression.
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Early-morning waking is a symptom specifically required for diagnosing depression with somatic features in ICD-10.
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The classification of depression is based solely on symptomatic pictures.
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Marked loss of libido is exclusively required for the diagnosis in DSM-5 only.
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Mood disorders are classified into unipolar depression and unipolar mania without the inclusion of bipolar disorders.
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Leonhard suggested that all cases of mania could be classified as unipolar mania.
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Seasonal Affective Disorder is commonly referred to as summer depression.
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Psychotic features in severe depression indicate that antidepressants alone are usually sufficient for treatment.
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Atypical depression is no longer a preferred term in current diagnostic classifications.
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Non-melancholic depression includes clinical forms such as mild depressive disorders and atypical depression.
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Patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder might experience hypomania during the winter months.
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Increasing sunlight hours can be a significant factor in alleviating symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder.
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In DSM-5, dysthymia is classified separately from persistent depressive disorder.
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Both ICD-10 and DSM-5 recognize categories for both single and recurrent episodes of mood disorders.
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ICD-10 classifies mood disorders secondary to a medical condition as subcategories under mood disorders.
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Atypical depression in DSM-5 is classified under 'Other depressive episodes' in ICD-10.
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Recurrent brief depression is included under the same heading in both ICD-10 and DSM-5.
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Both classification systems differentiate depressive episodes based on the presence of psychotic features.
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Severe depressive episodes with psychosis in DSM-5 are classified simply as severe in ICD-10.
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The classification of depressive disorders is expected to improve significantly with further rearrangement of descriptive categories.
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Study Notes
Additional Specifiers for Depressive Disorders in DSM-5
- Includes several specific conditions: anxious distress, mixed features, melancholic features, psychotic features, catatonia, and peripartum onset.
Clinical Description of Depressive Episodes
- Severity can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe.
- Special features include melancholic symptoms, atypical symptoms, prominent anxiety, psychotic symptoms, agitation, and retardation or stupor.
- Course of the disorder can vary, and aetiological factors may include single or recurrent episodes, organic causes, and personal or family history of mood disorders.
Aetiology of Mood Disorders
- Investigated through various approaches: genetic studies, personality assessment, early environmental factors, psychological influences, and biological factors.
- Notable biological aspects include the role of monoamines, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and neuropsychology.
Classification of Depression
- Historical classifications divided depression into endogenous (internal factors) and reactive (external stressors); this approach is now considered inadequate.
- Modern classifications focus on symptomatic profiles, course, and presumed aetiology.
Melancholic Depression
- Characterized by biological symptoms: loss of appetite, psychomotor changes, weight loss, and early-morning waking.
- Diagnosis requires at least four specific symptoms, with at least one being either loss of interest or lack of emotional reactivity.
Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders
- Mood disorders are recurrent, with a historical view of a single category (manic-depressive psychosis).
- Current understanding classifies disorders as unipolar depression, unipolar mania, or bipolar disorder, with "unipolar mania" being less used.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Depressive episodes tied to specific seasons, often exacerbated by reduced daylight.
- Symptoms include hypersomnia, increased carbohydrate craving, and energy slumps.
- Light therapy is an effective treatment indicating seasonal changes as a key factor.
Psychotic Depression
- Severe depression may include psychotic features, necessitating a combination of antidepressants and antipsychotic medications for effective treatment.
Non-Melancholic Depression
- Encompasses mild depressive disorders and atypical depression, marked by anxiety, hostility, and phobias.
- Previously termed neurotic depression, now more commonly classified under major depressive episodes.
Classification of Depressive Disorders According to ICD-10 and DSM-5
- Both systems categorize depressive episodes based on severity and presence of psychotic features.
- Persistent depressive states are recognized, with DSM-5 incorporating dysthymia into 'Persistent Depressive Disorder'.
- DSM-5 also includes mood disorders secondary to medical conditions, differing from ICD-10's classification under organic mental disorders.
Everyday Classification and Description
- Both ICD-10 and DSM-5 focus on the severity of depressive episodes and the presence of additional features for diagnosis.
- Atypical depression in DSM-5 may influence treatment and prognosis with specific criteria, separate from ICD-10's classification.
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Description
This quiz explores the additional specifiers for depressive disorders as outlined in the DSM-5, including features such as anxious distress and psychotic features. Enhance your understanding of the clinical descriptions and categorizations within depressive episodes.
