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Questions and Answers
What is the primary consequence of hypoxemic hypoxia?
What is the primary consequence of hypoxemic hypoxia?
Which of the following is a cause of anemic hypoxia?
Which of the following is a cause of anemic hypoxia?
What is the primary mechanism of CO poisoning in inducing hypoxia?
What is the primary mechanism of CO poisoning in inducing hypoxia?
Which type of hypoxia is characterized by inadequate blood flow to the tissues?
Which type of hypoxia is characterized by inadequate blood flow to the tissues?
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What is the primary consequence of stagnant hypoxia?
What is the primary consequence of stagnant hypoxia?
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Which of the following is a cause of hypoxemic hypoxia?
Which of the following is a cause of hypoxemic hypoxia?
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What is the primary difference between hypoxemic and anemic hypoxia?
What is the primary difference between hypoxemic and anemic hypoxia?
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Which type of hypoxia is characterized by a diffusion defect in the respiratory membrane?
Which type of hypoxia is characterized by a diffusion defect in the respiratory membrane?
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What effect does slow blood flow have in stagnant hypoxia?
What effect does slow blood flow have in stagnant hypoxia?
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Why is O2 therapy not beneficial in anemic hypoxia?
Why is O2 therapy not beneficial in anemic hypoxia?
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What does an increase in reduced hemoglobin levels in blood cause?
What does an increase in reduced hemoglobin levels in blood cause?
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Which of the following conditions leads to the inability of tissues to utilize O2?
Which of the following conditions leads to the inability of tissues to utilize O2?
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Which symptom is most likely to occur first in moderate hypoxia affecting the brain?
Which symptom is most likely to occur first in moderate hypoxia affecting the brain?
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Why is the PaO2 and O2 content normal in histotoxic hypoxia?
Why is the PaO2 and O2 content normal in histotoxic hypoxia?
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What is the threshold amount of reduced Hb that leads to cyanosis?
What is the threshold amount of reduced Hb that leads to cyanosis?
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Which of the following is not an effect of moderate hypoxia on the brain?
Which of the following is not an effect of moderate hypoxia on the brain?
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Study Notes
Hypoxia
- Hypoxia is defined as O2 deficiency at the tissue level.
- Types of hypoxia include:
- Hypoxemic hypoxia: decreased PaO2 in arterial blood, causing decreased O2 content.
- Anemic hypoxia: normal PaO2, but reduced amount of Hb that carries O2.
- Stagnant hypoxia: slow blood flow to tissues, leading to inadequate O2 delivery.
- Histotoxic hypoxia: tissues unable to utilize O2 due to toxic substances.
- Causes of hypoxemic hypoxia:
- Decreased partial pressure of O2 in inspired air.
- Intracardiac shunt (right to left shunt).
- Pulmonary diseases (hypoventilation, diffusion defect).
- Causes of anemic hypoxia:
- Anemia (deficiency of essential nutrients like iron).
- CO poisoning (formation of carboxyhemoglobin).
- Effects of hypoxia:
- Increased rate of ventilation.
- Mental aberration, impaired judgment, drowsiness, excitement, disorientation, loss of time sense, and headache.
- Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, and hypertension.
- Loss of consciousness in severe cases (PO2 < 20 mmHg).
Cyanosis
- Defined as a bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membrane due to abnormal increase in reduced Hb in blood.
- Threshold of cyanosis: 5 gm reduced Hb/100 ml blood.
- Types of hypoxia with cyanosis:
- Hypoxemic hypoxia.
- Anemic hypoxia.
- Effectiveness of O2 therapy in treatment of hypoxia:
- Useful in hypoxemic hypoxia.
- Not useful in anemic, stagnant, or histotoxic hypoxia.
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Description
Learn about hypoxia, its types, causes, and effects, as well as cyanosis, its threshold, and types with and without cyanosis. Undergraduate-level dentistry lecture.
