Digestive anatomy
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?

  • Absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream
  • Eliminating waste products
  • Producing hormones for digestion (correct)
  • Breaking down food into smaller molecules

    • What is the process called when food is moved through the gastrointestinal tract by rhythmic contractions?

  • Absorption
  • Peristalsis (correct)
  • Excretion
  • Digestion

    • Which of the following is NOT a structure of the oral cavity?

  • Esophagus (correct)
  • Teeth
  • Pharynx
  • Tongue

    • What are the segments of the small intestine called?

    <p>Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tube that runs from the mouth to the anus called?

    <p>Gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an accessory digestive organ?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animals have simple, single stomachs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract called?

    <p>Serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelike movement along the digestive tract that propels contents ahead of them called?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is primarily arranged in circular and longitudinal layers in the digestive tract?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which salivary gland is ventral to the ear canals?

    <p>Parotid salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of teeth are good for holding prey, tearing, cutting, and shredding?

    <p>Canines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the stomach acts like a pump, grinding up swallowed food and regulating hydrochloric acid?

    <p>Pyloric antrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sphincter regulates the movement of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum?

    <p>Pylorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    revisit What stimulates mixing, grinding, and propulsive contractions in the pyloric antrum of the stomach?

    <p>Swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the small intestines?

    <p>Absorption of fluids and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the small intestines is responsible for most chemical digestion and absorption?

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates small intestinal peristalsis?

    <p>Reflexes in response to dilation of a segment of the bowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which teeth are designated as grasping teeth?

    <p>Incisors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dental formula for an adult bovine?

    <p>I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of saliva in the oral cavity?

    <p>Initiate chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the esophagus?

    <p>Transport of swallowed material from oropharynx to stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the monogastric stomach is a large mixing chamber?

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stomach in the digestive system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portion of the pancreas is responsible for the production of insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Pancreatic islets - beta cells=insulin, alpha cells=glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is the largest digestive gland in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

    <p>Store and concentrate bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of teeth are found in carnivores and how are they structured?

    <p>Incisors, canines, premolars, molars; sharp and pointed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the large intestines?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the internal and external muscular sphincters of the anus?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term to it's definition

    <p>Herbivores = Plant eating animals (cattle, sheep, goats) Monogastric = Simple single stomach Ruminant = multiple mixing and fermentation compartments in addition to stomach Omnivores = Animals that eat plant material and meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term to the definition

    <p>Prehension = Grasping of food with the lips or teeth Mastication = Mechanical grinding and breaking down of food Upper arcade = Contained in the maxilla and the incisive bones Lower arcade = Contained in the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the act of physically breaking down food into smaller pieces

    Signup and view all the answers

    MATCH

    <p>Salivary glands = Usually paired and located near oral cavity Parotid salivary glands = Ventral to the ear canal Mandibular salivary glands = Ventral to the parotid glands at the caudal angle of the mandible Sublingual salivary glands = Medial to the shafts of the mandible just under the base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match to its best description

    <p>Carnivore teeth = slightly curved towards the mouth; good for holding prey, tearing, cutting, shredding Herbivore teeth = flat occlusal surfaces; good for grinding plant and grain material Incisors = grasping teeth, most rostral of the upper and lower arcade Canines = tearing teeth, longer than other teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is located at the corners of the incisors

    <p>Canines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the rostral cheek teeth (they are the cutting teeth and have sharp points and surfaces in carnivores

    <p>Premolars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the grinding teeth (they are the caudal cheek teeth and have flatter occlusal surfaces)

    <p>Molars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and water and elimination of wastes are functions of

    <p>The digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Requirements for digestion and absorption of foodstuffs is always the same regardless of the diet of the animal

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Requirements for digestion and absorption of foodstuffs varies depending on the diet of the animal

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the layers of the GI tract from inner to outer surface

    <p>Mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer, serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    <p>Mucosa = Lines the GI tract &amp; is made up of epithelium and loose connective tissue Submucosa = Dense connective tissue, may contain glands Muscle layer = Outside the mucosa Serosa = Outermost layer, made up of thin, tough, connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The digestive tract musculature (the skeletal muscle that has voluntary control)

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The digestive tract musculature (smooth, involuntary) _______________

    <p>Makes up the wall of the majority of the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine and the internal anal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mesentery

    <p>Suspends digestive tube in the abdomen from the dorsal body wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mesentery

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of circular muscle fibers in the digestive tract narrows the tract

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of circular muscle fibers in the digestive tract shortens the tract

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of the longitudinal muscle fibers in the digestive tract shortens the tract

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of the longitudinal muscle fibers in the digestive tract narrows the tract

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correspond to: Peristalsis

    <p>Propels digestive tract contents along the tube ahead of them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Segmental contractions _________

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Segmental contractions

    <p>Mix digestive tract contents and slows their movement through the tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following makes up the buccal cavity

    <p>Lips, tongue, salivary glands, soft &amp; hard palate, &amp; oropharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the dental formulas

    <p>Canine puppy = i3/3 c1/1 p3/3 = 28 Canine adult = I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3 = 42 Feline kitten = i3/3 c1/1 p3/2 = 26 Feline adult = I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1 = 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the typical number of each type of tooth found in the upper and lower arcade (2 words)

    <p>Dental formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dental formula consists of (be specific)

    <p>Tooth type followed by 2 numbers separated by a slash mark or expressed as a fraction of one number over the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lower case letters in the dental formula represent the

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dont have upper incisors or upper canine teeth

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dental pad

    <p>Flat thick connective tissue structure on the maxilla opposite lower incisors and canine teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first number of the dental formula

    <p>Number of teeth in half of the upper arcade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second number of the dental formula

    <p>Is the number in half of the lower arcade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total number of teeth is determined by

    <p>Summing all the numbers in the dental formula and multiplying by 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Center of tooth = Pulp Blood and nerve supply enter here = Apex of tooth root Surrounds and protects tooth pulp = Dentin Covers tooth root and helps fasten the tooth securely in its bony socket = Cementum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Covers the crown of the tooth = Enamel Epithelial tissue that composes the gums around the teeth = Gingiva Added to food as it is chewed = Saliva Enters the stomach at an angle in the cardia region = Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hardest, toughest tissue in the body

    <p>Enamel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral cavity functions

    <p>Breaks down food into smaller particles that increase the surface area available for exposure to enzymes involved in chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oral cavity

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiated chemical digestion

    <p>Oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The esophagus

    <p>Is surrounded by a cardiac sphincter muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cardiac sphincter muscle

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some species the cardiac sphincter muscle closure is so weak that they experience constant acid reflux and vomit often (horse and rabbit)

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some species the cardiac sphincter muscle closure is so strong that it prevents reflux or vomiting (horse and rabbit)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The different areas of the monogastric stomach, be specific

    <p>Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pylorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monogastric stomach, match

    <p>Cardia = opening from the esophagus Fundus = distensible blind pouch, expands as more food is swallowed Body = distensible middle section, large mixing chamber Fundus and body = contains numerous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    G cells are

    <p>Endocrine cells that secrete gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the glands that contain G cells

    <p>Pyloric region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pyloric sphincter

    <p>Prevents backflow of duodenal contents into the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are clear demarcations between the three segments of the small intestine

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are no clear demarcations between the three segments of the small intestine

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Relax with swallowing of food = Fundus and body Contracts to help mix food = Body of the stomach Increases contractions in response to swallowing = Pyloric antrum Amylase digestion of carbohydrates = Exocrine fx of pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Suspended from the body wall by the mesentary = Intestine Causes fundus to relax and increase contractions in the antrum = Parasympathetic stimulation Receives chyme through pyloric sphincter = Duodenum Can cause decrease in motility (gastric atomy) = Sympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Involved in small intestinal motility, secretions and blood flow = Parasympathetic stimulation Decreases blood flow = Sympathetic stimulation Longest part of the small intestine = Jejunum Double layer, connects peritoneum that links the stomach to the abdominal wall = Omentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Involved in small intestine motility, secretions and blood flow

    <p>Parasympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can cause a decrease in motility

    <p>Sympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can cause a decrease in gastric motility

    <p>Sympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Causes fundus to relax and increase contractions in the antrum

    <p>Parasympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The duodenum jejunum and ileum can all perform the functions of the small intestine (peristalsis, absorption of nutrients and fluids)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The duodenum jejunum and ileum can NOT perform the functions of the small intestine (peristalsis, absorption of nutrients and fluids)

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristalsis can also occur in the stomach and intestines

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristalsis CANNOT occur in the stomach and intestines

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empties into the large intestine at the cecum in the horse, at the colon in the dog and cat or at the cecum and the colon in ruminants and pig)

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structure of the intestine (choose best answer)

    <p>Inner mucosa, villi, microvilli, mucosa, submuscosa, muscle, serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thickness of the layers of the intestines never change and is not dependent on the segment of the intestine

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thickness of the layers of the intestines changes and is dependent on the segment of the intestine

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each villus contains

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mucosa of the small intestine has

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microvilli (brush border) have

    <p>Digestive enzymes and carrier molecules embedded in the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The small intestine peristalsis is

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the rectum distends

    <p>Stretch receptors in the rectum wall cause partial relaxation of the internal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the rectum distends

    <p>Anal mucosal receptors increase the sense or need for defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mixes intestinal contents (slow movement through intestines)

    <p>Segmental contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Help mix digestive enzymes with intestinal contents

    <p>Segmental contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bring digested materials into contact with the surface of the intestinal tract for absorption

    <p>Segmental contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocrine part of the pancreas consists of

    <p>Pancreatic islets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exocrine part of the pancreas consists of

    <p>Groups of acini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Helps neutralize acidity of contents and maintains the pH in the duodenum needed for proper enzyme function = Exocrine fx of the pancreas Aids in digestion of carbohydrates = Amylase Aids in breakdown protein = Protease tryptin Aids in digestion of fat = Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secretes bicarbonate into the duodenum

    <p>Exocrine fx of the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Produces insulin and glucagon and helps regulate blood glucose levels

    <p>Endocrine fx of the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzymes produced in the exocrine portion of the pancreas are vital to digestion, what are their names

    <p>Lipase, amylase, nuclease, protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anticipation of food causes the exocrine fx of enzyme secretion to decrease

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anticipation of food causes the exocrine fx of enzyme secretion to increase

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enters the bloodstream through pores in adjacent sinusoids

    <p>Proteins made by hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bile excreted by

    <p>Hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile is necessary for

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile is secreted into bile ducts, then hepatic ducts and then to the _________ for storage

    <p>Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Removes toxins and infectious agents that enter the body through the wall of the GI tract

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stores and metabolizes nutrients absorbed from the GI tract

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Produces most of the plasma proteins (including albumin), cholesterol and many of the blood clotting proteins

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aids the conversion of amino acids into ketoacids

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ketoacids aid in

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Located in the abdomen underneath the liver and near the pancreas

    <p>Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enters the duodenum to help digest high fat meals

    <p>Bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liver produces

    <p>Bile acids, cholesterol and bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of bile

    <p>Bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile pigment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provides means for liver to excrete waste products even when the animal is not eating

    <p>Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Terminal portion of the large intestine = Rectum Varies greatly between species = Large intestine Composed of internal and external muscular sphincters = Anus Thickness of layers changes and is dependent on the segment of the intestine = Intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Nervous system controls motility and the secretions are similar to that of the colon = rectum Simple tubular organ = Large intestine Intrnal sphincter is under autonomic control = Anus free space = free space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory receptors detect stretching and stimulate the defecation responde

    <p>Rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rectum has

    <p>Numerous mucus-secreting glands that lubricate and aid in the passage of contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestive System Functions

    • Functions include chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients and water, and elimination of waste.
    • Activities such as mixing, grinding, and propulsive contractions are vital for effective digestion.

    Gastrointestinal Tract

    • The gastrointestinal tract spans from the mouth to the anus.
    • Rhythmic contractions that move food through the tract are called peristalsis.
    • The outermost layer of the digestive tract is known as the serosa.

    Oral Cavity Structures

    • The oral cavity includes essential components such as incisors, canines, and molars but lacks certain structures like the dental pad in some species.
    • Saliva plays a crucial role in food breakdown and offers lubrication.

    Small Intestine

    • Segmented into three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; with each segment contributing to digestion and absorption.
    • The primary function of the small intestine is optimum nutrient absorption.
    • The duodenum is mainly responsible for chemical digestion.

    Stomach Functionality

    • The stomach contains a large mixing chamber known as the fundus and utilizes the pyloric sphincter to manage the flow of chyme into the duodenum.
    • The muscular arrangement in the digestive tract includes both circular and longitudinal layers.

    Key Muscles and Movements

    • Circular muscle contractions help narrow the digestive tract, while longitudinal contractions assist in shortening it.
    • Segmental contractions are vital for localized mixing and efficient digestion.

    Digestive Organs

    • The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, whereas the liver serves as the largest digestive gland.
    • The gallbladder primarily functions to store bile, aiding in fat digestion.

    Teeth Types

    • Carnivores possess specialized teeth for holding prey and tearing, distinguished by their sharp structure.
    • Bovine dental formula indicates specific tooth arrangements, notably lacking upper incisors or canines.

    Digestion Processes

    • Mixing action in the stomach stimulates digestive movement.
    • Physical breakdown of food occurs through mastication and mixing, whereas chemical digestion is enhanced by enzymes in saliva.
    • Peristalsis occurs throughout the digestive tract, including the stomach and intestines, ensuring the movement of contents.

    Neuroendocrine Actions

    • G cells are responsible for hormone secretion, playing a role in gastric motility and digestive efficiency.
    • The contractions in the digestive tract can be influenced by various factors, leading to either increased or decreased motility.

    Intestinal Structure and Function

    • The mucosa of the small intestine contains villi and microvilli, enhancing absorption surface area.
    • Thickness of intestinal layers varies by segment, affecting overall digestive function.
    • The gastrointestinal system adapts to diet changes, affecting digestion and nutrient absorption requirements.

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