Dental Materials Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of cement is described as having a fine grain and is used for permanent cementation in crowns and bridges?

  • Polycarboxylate Cement
  • Type 1 Cement (correct)
  • Insulating Cement
  • Type 2 Cement

Which type of cement is intended to act as an insulating base for deep cavity preparations?

  • Exothermic Cement
  • Crown Cement
  • Type 1 Cement
  • Type 2 Cement (correct)

What is the recommended mixing time for preparing cement?

  • 5 seconds
  • 30 seconds
  • 1 to 2 minutes (correct)
  • 15 seconds

What mixing method is suggested for achieving the proper consistency of cement?

<p>Mixing in increments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the thin film layer produced when using cement for castings?

<p>To provide a strong bond for assemblies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of bite registrations?

<p>To reproduce the occlusal relationship between maxillary and mandibular teeth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is NOT commonly used for impression trays?

<p>Glass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When taking impressions, what is important to prevent during the removal of the tray?

<p>Warpage of the impression material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a bite tray?

<p>To maintain centric relation during impression taking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tray is primarily used for preliminary impressions?

<p>Stock trays (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to ensure the integrity of an impression?

<p>Removing the tray too quickly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of breaking an impression during removal?

<p>Need for re-impression due to inaccuracies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is important when placing an impression in the oral cavity?

<p>The tray must hold material closely to the teeth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of composite contains both macrofill and microfill particles?

<p>Hybrid composite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which composite is specifically designed for anterior teeth restorations?

<p>Microfilled composite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is essential in flowable composite materials?

<p>Low viscosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is polymerization of resin materials primarily achieved in composites?

<p>By light exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'flow' specifically relate to concerning composite materials?

<p>Ease of application (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true for nanofilled composites?

<p>They can be used in both anterior and posterior restorations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique attribute of macrofilled composites?

<p>They lack polishability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the syringe tip in flowable composites?

<p>To extrude the composite into preparations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of temporary restorative materials?

<p>To maintain and restore function for a limited time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when working with dental materials?

<p>Water contamination and contact with the material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual cue indicates that a dental material has begun to set?

<p>A glossy appearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is precured paste in dental applications typically prepared?

<p>By being mechanically triturated and dispensed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can negatively impact the working time of cement in dental procedures?

<p>Water contamination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a dental professional protect the matrix during the procedure?

<p>After the material has a glossy appearance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of pre-measured capsules used in dental procedures?

<p>They are designed for single-use applications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mistake when identifying the stage of setting for dental materials?

<p>Assuming gloss indicates complete curing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern related to food causing corrosion in dental materials?

<p>Surface discoloration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of dental restorations, what does 'direct restorations' refer to?

<p>Materials that are applied and sculpted within the mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What properties are often associated with corrosive materials in the dental context?

<p>Ability to dissolve metals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are dental models created in the clinical setting?

<p>Through impressions of hard and soft tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'solubility' refer to in the context of dental materials?

<p>The degree to which a substance can be dissolved in a liquid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a saline environment have on metals in the dental context?

<p>Promotes corrosion due to electrolytic processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of the adaptation process during direct restorations?

<p>Material should align perfectly with existing tooth structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of 'sand-low solubility' might be significant in dental applications?

<p>It influences the effectiveness of dental adhesive methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a rim lock in an impression tray?

<p>To hold the impression material in place (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How far beyond the third molar should the impression tray extend?

<p>2-3 mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of impression material offers excellent dimensional stability?

<p>Polysiloxane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional material can be added to an impression tray for patients with an unusually high palate?

<p>Beading wax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of condensation silicones as impression materials?

<p>They have poor dimensional stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an impression tray need to cover to ensure successful impression taking?

<p>The entire arch of teeth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of using polysulfide as an impression material?

<p>Poor dimensional stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is specifically important for the adaptation of the impression tray?

<p>Extension over the facial surfaces of teeth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sugar-High Solubility

Sugar dissolves readily in certain environments.

Sand-Low Solubility

Sand dissolves poorly in most solvents.

Corrosion Properties

Materials can degrade over time in the presence of various factors.

Metal Corrosion Factors

Metal corrosion depends on temperature, humidity, and saline environment.

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Food-Induced Dental Corrosion

Certain foods can damage tooth surfaces.

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Direct Restorations

Dental fillings applied directly to teeth.

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Dental Models

Models or reproductions of teeth and surrounding tissues.

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Material Adaptability

Certain dental restorative materials can be reshaped.

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Microfilled Composite

A type of dental composite that uses tiny filler particles, resulting in a smooth, highly polished restoration.

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Macrofilled Composite

A dental composite containing larger filler particles, providing strength but a slightly rougher surface.

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Hybrid Composite

A type of dental composite combining both large and small filler particles, offering a balance of strength and smoothness.

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Nanofilled Composite

A composite with extremely small filler particles, providing exceptional smoothness and polish.

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Flowable Composite

A type of composite designed to flow easily into small spaces, ideal for conservative restorations.

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Polymerization

The process of transforming resin material into a hardened, plastic-like restoration.

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Light-Cured Composite

A type of composite that hardens when exposed to a specific wavelength of light.

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Auto-Cured Composite

A type of composite that hardens independently, without external light, through a chemical reaction.

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What are the two main ways to mix dental cements?

Dental cements can be mixed manually using a powder and liquid on a treated glass slab or mechanically with a dispenser.

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What is the purpose of a 'cool glass slab' when mixing dental cement?

A cool glass slab extends the working time of dental cement, allowing for more time to manipulate and place it.

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What are the two main types of dental cement mixing?

Dental cements can be mixed using either premixed paste or capsules that automatically mix.

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What is the key advantage of using premixed paste for dental cements?

Premixed paste offers convenience and avoids the potential for errors in mixing the powder and liquid.

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What is the role of 'setting stage' in dental cement?

During the setting stage, the dental cement hardens and becomes a solid. It is important to avoid contamination during this stage.

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How can you identify the setting stage of dental cement?

Dental cement will have a glossy appearance and adhere to itself when the setting stage begins.

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Why is it important to protect the cement during setting?

The setting cement will adhere to any material it comes in contact with, so it needs to be protected to maintain its shape and prevent contamination.

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What is an 'Intermediate Restorative Material' (IRM)?

IRM is a temporary restorative material used to maintain, restore, and function while keeping the patient comfortable for a limited time.

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Zinc Phosphate Cement

A dental cement used for various restorative procedures, including luting crowns, bridges, and inlays, as well as for base formation. It comes in two types, fine-grained and medium-grained.

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Luting Consistency

A thin, film-like consistency of zinc phosphate cement used for bonding restorations like crowns and bridges to the prepared tooth.

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Insulating Base

A thick, putty-like consistency of zinc phosphate cement used as a base for deep cavities, acting as an insulator to protect the tooth from temperature changes during restoration placement.

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Cement Preparation

The process of mixing zinc phosphate cement powder and liquid in increments, allowing for controlled setting time and temperature.

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Mixing Time

The time taken to mix the zinc phosphate cement powder and liquid, typically 1.5 to 2 minutes for luting consistency and 8-15 seconds for each increment.

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Bite Registration

A technique to capture the relationship between the upper and lower teeth when they are closed together. It's used to create models for dental work and prosthetics.

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Bite Tray

A specialized tray used to hold bite registration materials, capturing the contact between the upper and lower teeth.

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Centric Relation

The most stable and ideal relationship between the upper and lower jaw when the teeth are closed together. It's the starting point for many restoration techniques.

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Preliminary Impressions

Initial impressions taken to create a rough model of the teeth and surrounding structures.

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Final Impressions

Accurate impressions made after the teeth have been prepared for a restoration. These are used to create the final restorations.

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Impression Trays

Trays used to hold impression materials and capture the shape of the teeth and gums.

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Holding Material Close to Teeth

A technique used during impression-taking to ensure a precise and accurate capture of the tooth structure.

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Avoid Breaking During Removal

A precaution taken when removing impression material to prevent damage to the teeth or the material itself.

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Rim lock - rounded rim

A rounded rim on the border of an impression tray to hold the impression material, creating a secure fit.

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Why is it important to measure the patient's mouth?

Measuring the patient's mouth with an impression tray ensures proper fit and coverage of all teeth and surrounding structures. This ensures accurate records for dental treatment.

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Comfortable Impression Tray

An impression tray should fit comfortably in the patient's mouth, extending slightly above the facial surface of the teeth.

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Coverage of Entire Arch

The impression tray needs to cover the entire arch, extending beyond the 3rd molar, retromolar area, and tuberosity. It should also include incisal and occlusal edges.

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Adaptation for High Palate

For patients with unusually high palates, softened wax can be added to the impression tray to improve adaptation. This ensures a comfortable and accurate impression.

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Custom Tray

A custom tray is designed specifically for a patient's mouth to provide a perfect fit and ensure accurate impressions.

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Types of Impression Materials

Different types of elastomeric impression materials provide varying levels of dimensional stability, impacting the accuracy of the impression.

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Polysiloxane - Excellent Dimensional Stability

Polysiloxane is a type of impression material known for its excellent dimensional stability, making it highly accurate for dental procedures.

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Study Notes

Dental Materials and Laboratory Procedures

  • Mouthwash is used for a pure and clean mouth.

Mechanical Properties

  • Force: Causes physical changes via energy and strength, creating stress or strain.
  • Stress: Reaction within the material causing distortion, creating stress and strain.
  • Strain: Change in product in the result of stress.
  • Tensile Stress: Pulling and stretching the material.
  • Compressive Stress: Pushing materials together, such as chewing.
  • Shear Stress: Breakdown over sliding of two materials.
  • Ductility: Change shape via pulling force without fracturing.
  • Malleability: Change shape into thinner sheet or plate via compressive force.

Thermal Properties

  • Contraction/Expansion: Hot to cold food/drinks cause sudden contraction and expansion in seconds, causing restorative materials to pull away from teeth. This results in microleakage or cracked restorations.
  • Microleakage: Separation of material from teeth due to temperature changes during hot or cold food/drinks, or through expansion and contraction, allowing fluids, debris and microorganisms to enter between the cavity preparation wall and material.
  • Percolation: Process of liquid slowly passing through a porous substance.

Application Properties

  • Flow: Dental material should possess a pliable(soft) consistency to fill the preparation of teeth.
  • Adhesion: Proper adhesion prevents microleakage and loss of restorations. Force causes unlike materials to adhere to each other, affecting the adhesion process.
  • Wetting: Ability of a liquid to flow over a surface.
  • Viscosity: Liquids flow over surfaces; the resistance of a fluid flowing, described in terms of wetting and viscosity.

Retention

  • Retention: Holding together two things that otherwise wouldn’t adhere to each other.

Curing

  • Auto-cured: Materials harden through a chemical reaction, often triggered by light exposure in the blue wave spectrum.
  • Light-cured: Harden only under light.

Electrical Properties

  • Galvanic/Shock: Two dissimilar metals in the oral cavity with saliva causing electrical conduction can lead to galvanic shock.
  • Saliva: containing salt acts as a good electrical conductor.

Solubility

  • Solubility: Substance will dissolve in certain amount of another substance (liquid). For Example Material in oral cavity that dissolves easily will wash away and leave tooth structure exposed

Corrosive Properties

  • Corrosion: Reaction of metals in contact with temperature, humidity, and saline.

Dental Amalgam

  • 143-54% of mercury equal to 46-57% of alloy powder
  • Alloy powder is mixed with mercury.
  • Soft pliable mixture that's placed in the tooth, then condensed, carved and hardened to create a permanent amalgam filling.

Amalgam Composition

  • Silver
  • Tin
  • Copper
  • Zinc

Amalgam Indications

  • Small to medium sized cavities in posterior teeth.
  • Patients with poor oral hygiene.
  • Foundation of metal-ceramic, cast metal and ceramic restorations.
  • Severe destruction of tooth structure.

Amalgam Contraindications

  • Allergy to mercury.
  • Large restorations when other restorative materials aren't a significant factor for esthetics.

Composite Resin

  • Properties: Withstand oral cavities. Matches natural tooth color. Easily shaped to tooth anatomy. Bonds directly to teeth.
  • Indications: restorations for surface defects (hypocalcification, attrition, abrasion, and congenital abnormalities). Closure of diastema.
  • Composition: Organic resin material (dimethacrylate), Inorganic fillers, Coupling agents, pigments.

Flowable Composite

  • Properties: Wear resistance from sufficient filler, ability to flow into conservative restorations.
  • Application: Extrusion into minute cavity preparations.

Acid Etch

  • Steps: Dry cavity vigorously, apply acid etch to enamel wall, for 15-30 seconds, when prep is contaminated repeat for half the time.
  • Precautions: Avoid contact with soft tissue; thoroughly rinse if contaminated.

Bonding Procedures

  • Chemically bonds material to tooth structure (adds micro-mechanical retention)
  • Light cured, so no mixing.

Protective Shield

  • Protective shield needed when curing bonding agent.

Precautions

  • Protective shield when curing bonding agent to protect eye hazard to provider and patient.
  • Light should be positioned correctly on relevant surface.

Advantages (Composite Resin)

  • Bonds further support to tooth structure, preventing damage.
  • Matches natural tooth color. Fixes mishaped, chipped or discolored teeth in one procedure (6-12 years). Reduced sensitivity.
  • Reduced need for extensive tooth structure removal compared to amalgam.

Precautions (Composite Resin)

  • Ensuring proper use of protective shield.
  • Ensuring correct dispensing of material before exposure to light. For large restorations, increments should be cured before next application.

Micro-mechanical Retention

  • Bonding agents use microscopic interlocking with enamel porosities, tubules, and other structures.

Macro-mechanical retention

  • Undercuts in dentin to retain non-bonded amalgams and self or auto cure compounds.

Application of Composite versus Amalgam

  • Composite resin cavity prep designed for micro-mechanical retention.

Glass Ionomer (GIC)

  • Versatile dental material.
  • Excellent biocompatibility with oral environment. Adaptable for various uses.
  • Used for permanent restorations (liners, bonding agents, and cements) for primary (children) teeth and minor restorations of adults.
  • Not suitable for high-stress areas.

Types of GIC

  • For cementing metal restorations and direct-bonded orthodontic brackets.
  • Restoring areas near gingiva.
  • Used as liners and dentin bonding agents.
  • Reinforced GIC, using silver and tin, for high-stress situations.

Supply of GIC

  • Powder and liquid
  • Pre-mixed paste tubes and mechanically triturated capsules that dispense through dispenser.

Precautions (GIC)

  • Avoid exposure to water.

Temporary Restorative Materials

  • Maintain, restore and function to keep patient comfortable for a limited time.

Temporary Restorative Materials Applications

Tooth Whitening Materials

  • Bleaching. Cost-effective method of tooth restoration using peroxide-based ingredients.

Indications (Tooth Whitening)

  • Removal of staining.
  • Peroxide breaks down and oxygen enters enamel and dentin removing discoloration.

Indirect Restorative Materials

  • Restorations created outside the mouth by dental technicians. Restorative materials are placed after preparing the tooth and taking an impression.

Indirect Restorative Materials Types

  • Castings.
  • Noble metal alloys.
  • Base metals.
  • Ceramic castings.

Dentinal Liners and Bases

  • Insulating the pulp tissue to protect from sensitivity caused by procedures.
  • Protect tooth from thermal shock.

Dental Cements

  • Permanent, intermediate, temporary restorations.
  • Luting for indirect and orthodontic procedures.
  • Thermal insulator of metallic restorations.
  • Periodontal packs with zoe sedation.

Affecting Cements

  • Mixing time
  • Humidity
  • Powder to liquid ratio
  • Temperature

Luting Agents

  • Permanent temporary
  • Zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, and glass ionomer (GIC)

Zinc Oxide Eugenol

  • Types (1 (ZOE, IRM, temporal bond): for temporary cementation (putty); lacks strength and long-term durability, and Type II (Relyx): has reinforcing agents; for permanent restorations of cast restorations or appliances)

Zinc Phosphate

  • Types 1 (fine grain) for permanent cementation (e.g., inlays, crowns, onlays, bridges, and thin film layer for castings); and 2 (medium grain) as insulating base for cavities
  • Properties - viscosity, strength, bonding to enamel.

Zinc Polycarboxylate

  • Properties - viscosity, strength, bonding to enamel (useful for temporary applications)
  • Powder and liquid for use in crowns and orthopedic bands and restorations.

Guidelines for Mixing Dental Cements

  • Powder towards one end of glass or paper pad; liquid on opposite end.
  • Use explorer, mouth mirror, and spoon excavator for cement removal. Clean instruments right away.

Articulator

  • Replicates the movement of the TMJ (temporomandibular joint)

Sandblaster

  • A device that blasts sand and air to polish dental castings.

Dental Lathe

  • Used for trimming dental castings and appliances

Model Trimmer

  • A device for trimming study models.

Heat Source

  • Used to heat waxes.

Impression Trays

  • Metal, plastic, polystyrene.

Sizes

  • Quadrant (half of arch)
  • Section (anterior)
  • Full arch (covers full arch)

Custom Trays

  • Designed to fit specific patient needs, often for patients with high palates.

Block Out Material

  • Soft, light-cured dental material to protect undercuts of soft tissue procedures. It is placed on the cast to make space for impression materials.

Seperating Medium

  • Liquid used to separate casts and impression materials for proper set.

Hydrocolloid Impression Materials

  • Includes Alginate or Reversible hydrocolloid for preliminary impressions.

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