Dental Implant Complications
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common location for the development of supragingival calculus?

  • Lingual surfaces of the maxillary incisors
  • Lingual surfaces of the mandibular incisors
  • Buccal surfaces of the mandibular molars
  • Buccal surfaces of the maxillary molars (correct)

    • What percentage of the inorganic component of supragingival calculus is reported to be calcium phosphate?

  • 90%
  • 50%
  • 30%
  • 76% (correct)

    • Where is subgingival calculus located in relation to the marginal gingiva?

  • At the same level as the marginal gingiva
  • Below the marginal gingiva (correct)
  • Above the marginal gingiva
  • Adjacent to the marginal gingiva

    • Which crystal form is detected most frequently in supragingival calculus?

    <p>Hydroxyapatite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organic component of calculus composed of?

    <p>Protein–polysaccharide complexes, desquamated epithelial cells, and microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mineralizes dental plaque to form calculus?

    <p>Mineral salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary cause of gingival inflammation?

    <p>Calculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of calculus?

    <p>Mineralized bacterial plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is supragingival calculus located?

    <p>Coronal to the gingival margin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is supragingival calculus usually?

    <p>White or whitish yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After removal, what may rapidly recur especially in the lingual area of the mandibular incisors?

    <p>Supragingival calculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from bacterial plaque, which of the following is a predisposing factor for gingival inflammation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dental restorations is most likely to increase plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation?

    <p>Overcontoured crowns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of periimplantitis?

    <p>Bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a source of mechanical trauma and inflammation in restorative dentistry procedures?

    <p>Bacterial plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of uneven marginal ridges of contiguous posterior teeth?

    <p>Papillary inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of orthodontic treatment on the gingival ecosystem?

    <p>Increased likelihood of recession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of mechanical forms of trauma associated with periodontal disease?

    <p>Application of fingernail pressure against the gingiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of mineralization for supragingival calculus?

    <p>Saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what rate does early plaque of heavy calculus formers contain more calcium compared to noncalculus formers?

    <p>3 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gingival inflammation caused by materia alba?

    <p>Microorganisms and desquamated epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to the formation of dental stains?

    <p>Tobacco products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are iatrogenic factors in relation to dental restorations or prostheses?

    <p>Contributing factors to gingival inflammation and periodontal destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do overhanging margins of dental restorations contribute to the development of periodontal disease?

    <p>They inhibit patient's access to remove accumulated plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of acute gingival inflammation according to the passage?

    <p>Chemical irritation from mouthwashes and denture materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant causative factor of breath malodor according to the passage?

    <p>Bacterial load in saliva and tongue coating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between periodontal disease and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) according to the passage?

    <p>VSC levels correlate positively with the depth of periodontal pockets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of VSCs on periodontal surgery and implant insertion according to the passage?

    <p>VSCs impede wound healing and affect connective tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of breath malodor within the dentition according to the passage?

    <p>Acrylic dentures with bacterial accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor determines whether certain gases in the breath can be smelled or not according to the passage?

    <p>Their concentration compared to other gases in the breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of a molecule to stay present and remain the cause of smell called?

    <p>Substantivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of condition is Ozena?

    <p>A rare atrophic condition of the nasal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the fishy odor of breath in Trimethylaminuria?

    <p>Hereditary metabolic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sweet, musty, or slightly fecal aroma of the breath associated with liver diseases called?

    <p>Fetor hepaticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do patients with chronic bronchitis often experience?

    <p>Standing mucus secretion in cystic dilations through walls of bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic disorder leads to abnormal amounts of trimethylamine in the body?

    <p>Trimethylaminuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a sweet, musty, or slightly fecal aroma in patients with liver diseases?

    <p>Accumulation of dimethyl sulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a typical fishy odor in kidney insufficiency?

    <p>Increase of dimethylamine and trimethylamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an increase in VSC levels in the expired air around the day of ovulation and in the perimenstrual period?

    <p>Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of questionnaire should be used to start each consultation regarding breath malodor?

    <p>Comprehensive questionnaire about breath malodor, eating habits, and medical and dental history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of supragingival calculus?

    <p>Mineralized bacterial plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is subgingival calculus located in relation to the gingival margin?

    <p>Below the gingival margin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary causes of gingival inflammation according to the passage?

    <p>Bacterial plaque and other predisposing factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of the other predisposing factors for gingival inflammation mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Faulty restorations, complications associated with orthodontic therapy, self-inflicted injuries, and the use of tobacco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color and consistency of supragingival calculus?

    <p>White or whitish yellow; hard with a claylike consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical location of supragingival calculus?

    <p>Coronal to the gingival margin and visible in the oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of subgingival margins?

    <p>Plaque accumulation, severe gingivitis, deeper pockets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence range of periimplantitis among implant supported prosthesis/restoration?

    <p>28% to 56%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do overcontoured crowns and restorations affect oral hygiene measures?

    <p>Accumulate plaque, handicap oral hygiene measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of the forceful packing of a gingival retraction cord into the sulcus?

    <p>Mechanical injury to the periodontium, impacted debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does malocclusion affect plaque control?

    <p>Makes plaque control more difficult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of self-inflicted injurious habits that may contribute to periodontal disease?

    <p>Improper use of a toothbrush, wedging toothpicks, fingernail pressure, pizza burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two most common locations for the development of supragingival calculus?

    <p>buccal surfaces of the maxillary molars and lingual surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the inorganic component of supragingival calculus is reported to be calcium phosphate?

    <p>approximately 76%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of hydroxyapatite in supragingival calculus?

    <p>58%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organic component of calculus composed of?

    <p>a mixture of protein–polysaccharide complexes, desquamated epithelial cells, leukocytes, and various types of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is subgingival calculus located in relation to the marginal gingiva?

    <p>below the crest of the marginal gingiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary inorganic component of calculus?

    <p>calcium phosphate (Ca3[PO4]2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of mineralization for subgingival calculus?

    <p>Gingival crevicular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the early plaque components of heavy calculus formers reported to contain more of compared to noncalculus formers?

    <p>Calcium and phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms initially in the intercellular matrix and on the bacterial surfaces during calcification?

    <p>Crystalline calcium phosphate salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gingival inflammation caused by materia alba?

    <p>Bacteria and their products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the accumulation of microorganisms, desquamated epithelial cells, leukocytes, and a mixture of salivary proteins and lipids, with few or no food particles, which lacks the regular internal pattern observed in plaque?

    <p>Materia alba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to the formation of dental stains?

    <p>Tobacco products, coffee, tea, mouthrinses, and pigments in foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main forms of smokeless tobacco?

    <p>Snuff and chewing tobacco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the predominant causative factors of breath malodor according to the passage?

    <p>Gingivitis, periodontitis, and tongue coating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between VSC levels in the mouth and periodontal pockets?

    <p>VSC levels correlate positively with the depth of periodontal pockets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of acute gingival inflammation according to the passage?

    <p>Chemical irritation from sensitivity or nonspecific tissue injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics that determine the perception of the molecules causing breath malodor?

    <p>Olfactory response, threshold concentration, and the odor itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of supragingival calculus?

    <p>Mainly calcium phosphate and organic components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the odor power defined as?

    <p>The extent of concentration necessary to increase the odor score with one unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical breath odor associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?

    <p>A sweet smell, like the odor of rotten apples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of Trimethylaminuria in the United Kingdom?

    <p>Approaches 1%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical breath odor associated with kidney insufficiency caused by chronic glomerulonephritis?

    <p>A fishy odor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of a molecule to stay present and remain the cause of smell called?

    <p>Substantivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the breath odor associated with liver diseases termed?

    <p>Fetor hepaticus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the breath odor associated with Trimethylaminuria?

    <p>A typical fishy odor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of breath malodor within the dentition according to the passage?

    <p>Malodorous molecules becoming volatile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rare atrophic condition of the nasal mucosa caused by Klebsiella ozaenae?

    <p>Ozena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical breath odor that can develop at certain moments during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>A typical breath odor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calculus consists of mineralized bacterial plaque that forms on the surfaces of natural teeth and dental prostheses. Supragingival calculus is located ______ to the gingival margin and therefore is visible in the oral cavity.

    <p>coronal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary cause of gingival inflammation is bacterial plaque. Other predisposing factors include calculus, faulty restorations, complications associated with orthodontic therapy, self-inflicted injuries, and the use of ______, in addition to several others.

    <p>tobacco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Supragingival calculus is usually white or whitish yellow in color; hard, with a claylike consistency; and easily detached from the tooth surface. After removal, it may rapidly recur, especially in the lingual area of the ______ incisors.

    <p>mandibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Other predisposing factors to gingival inflammation include calculus, faulty restorations, complications associated with orthodontic therapy, self-inflicted injuries, and the use of tobacco, in addition to several others. These will be discussed ______.

    <p>in turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Supragingival calculus is usually white or whitish yellow in color; hard, with a claylike consistency; and easily detached from the tooth surface. After removal, it may rapidly recur, especially in the ______ area of the mandibular incisors.

    <p>lingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary cause of gingival inflammation is bacterial plaque. Other predisposing factors include ______, faulty restorations, complications associated with orthodontic therapy, self-inflicted injuries, and the use of tobacco, in addition to several others.

    <p>calculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The color of supragingival calculus is typically dark brown or ____________ in color.

    <p>greenish black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two most common locations for the development of supragingival calculus are the buccal surfaces of the maxillary molars and the lingual surfaces of the mandibular ____________ teeth.

    <p>anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The composition of supragingival calculus consists of approximately 76% calcium phosphate, 3% calcium carbonate, and traces of ____________ phosphate.

    <p>magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The percentage of inorganic constituents in calculus is similar to that of other calcified tissues of the body, with the principal inorganic components being approximately 39% calcium, 19% phosphorus, 2% carbon dioxide, and 1% ____________.

    <p>magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four main crystal forms found in supragingival calculus and their approximate percentages are hydroxyapatite (58%), magnesium whitlockite (21%), octacalcium phosphate (12%), and ____________ (9%).

    <p>brushite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subgingival margins are associated with large amounts of ______, more severe gingivitis, and deeper pockets.

    <p>plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Between 1.9% and 9.1% of the organic component of calculus is carbohydrate, which consists of galactose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galactosamine, and sometimes arabinose, galacturonic acid, and ____________.

    <p>glucosamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overcontoured crowns and restorations tend to accumulate ______ and handicap oral hygiene measures.

    <p>plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In general, restorative materials are not in themselves injurious to the ______ tissues.

    <p>periodontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Several investigations have shown that, after the insertion of partial dentures, mobility of the abutment teeth, gingival inflammation, and periodontal pocket formation all ______.

    <p>increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The irregular alignment of teeth as found in cases of malocclusion may make ______ control more difficult.

    <p>plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients may not be aware of their self-inflicted injurious habits that may be important to the initiation and progression of their ______ disease.

    <p>periodontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcifying plaques may become 50% mineralized in ext{______} days and 60% to 90% mineralized in 12 days

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The calcium concentration/content in plaque is 2 to 20 times that found in ext{______}

    <p>saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early plaque of heavy calculus formers contains more calcium, three times more phosphorus, and less ext{______} than that of noncalculus formers

    <p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crystals form initially in the intercellular matrix and on the bacterial surfaces and finally within the ext{______}

    <p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The irritating effect of materia alba on the gingiva is caused by ext{______} and their products

    <p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overhanging margins of dental restorations contribute to the development of periodontal disease by changing the ecologic balance of the gingival sulcus to an area that favors the growth of disease-associated organisms at the expense of the health-associated organisms and inhibiting the patient’s access to remove accumulated ext{______}

    <p>plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute gingival inflammation may be caused by chemical irritation that results from either sensitivity or nonspecific tissue injury. In allergic inflammatory states, the gingival changes range from simple erythema to painful vesicle formation and ______

    <p>ulceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe reactions to ordinarily innocuous mouthwashes, dentifrices, and denture materials are often explainable on the basis of chemical irritation that results from either sensitivity or nonspecific tissue ______

    <p>injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the vast majority, breath malodor originates from the oral cavity. Gingivitis, periodontitis, and especially tongue coating are the predominant causative ______

    <p>factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dorsal tongue mucosa, with an area of 25 cm2, shows a very irregular surface topography. The posterior part exhibits a number of oval cryptolymphatic units, which roughen the surface of this area. The anterior part is even rougher because of the high number of ______

    <p>papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A relationship between periodontitis and oral malodor has been shown. However, not all patients with gingivitis and/or periodontitis complain about bad breath, and there is some disagreement in the literature as to what extent oral malodor and periodontal disease are ______

    <p>related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with xerostomia often present with large amounts of plaque on teeth and an extensive tongue ______

    <p>coating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The odor power is the extent of concentration that is necessary to increase the odor score with one unit. 4. The volatility of the compound: Malodorous molecules only express themselves when they become ______.

    <p>volatile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The substantivity: The capacity of the molecule to stay present and thus to remain the cause of ______.

    <p>smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During chronic or purulent tonsillitis, the deep crypts of the tonsils accumulate debris and bacteria, especially periopathogens, resulting in ______.

    <p>putrefaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the crypts, even calculus (e.g., subgingivally) can be formed (tonsilloliths or tonsil ______).

    <p>stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ozena (caused by Klebsiella ozaenae) is a rare atrophic condition of the nasal mucosa, with the appearance of crusts that causes a very strong breath ______.

    <p>malodor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with various degrees of hepatocellular failure and/or portosystemic shunting of blood may acquire a sweet, musty, or even slightly fecal aroma of the breath, termed fetor ______.

    <p>hepaticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kidney insufficiency, primarily caused by chronic glomerulonephritis, will lead to an increase of the amines dimethylamine and trimethylamine, which causes a typical fishy ______ of the breath.

    <p>odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus results in the accumulation of ketones, which have a sweet smell, like the odor of rotten ______.

    <p>apples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trimethylaminuria is a hereditary metabolic disorder that leads to a typical fishy ______ of the breath, urine, sweat, and other bodily secretions.

    <p>odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At certain moments during the menstrual cycle, a typical breath ______ can develop; partners are often well aware of this odor.

    <p>odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

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