Dental Calculus Quiz (ODS Learning Outcomes)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary component contributing to calculus formation according to enzymatic theory?

  • Phosphatases (correct)
  • Sodium ions
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Salivary proteins

Which of the following correctly describes supragingival calculus?

  • Has a higher sodium content than subgingival calculus
  • Forms below the gingival margin
  • Is easily detached from the tooth (correct)
  • Is not clinically visible

What color is subgingival calculus typically associated with?

  • White
  • Yellow
  • Brown or greenish black (correct)
  • Colorless

How is the sodium content in subgingival calculus affected?

<p>It increases with the depth of the pocket (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates heavy calculus formers from non-calculus formers?

<p>The rate of calculus accumulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for subgingival calculus compared to supragingival calculus?

<p>Associated with heavier deposits on proximal surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component that is absent in the composition of subgingival calculus?

<p>Salivary proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of calculus accumulation in individuals?

<p>Color of dental enamel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the texture of supragingival calculus primarily described as?

<p>Firm and clay-like (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification indicates individuals with the most significant calculus formation?

<p>Heavy calculus formers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage range of organic material is found in dental calculus?

<p>10-30% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crystalline structure is NOT associated with dental calculus?

<p>Sodium chloride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that an increase in saliva pH leads to the formation of dental calculus?

<p>Booster mechanism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which location is NOT commonly classified for the presence of dental calculus?

<p>Subcutaneous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is often considered involved in the formation of dental calculus?

<p>Leptotrichia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component makes up the majority of dental calculus?

<p>Inorganic material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the epitactic concept, how does calculus formation begin?

<p>By the growth of small calcification seeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the variation in location of dental calculus?

<p>Color of the calculus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the transformation theory of calculus formation?

<p>It suggests hydroxyapatite is formed from amorphous deposits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT commonly found in the inorganic composition of dental calculus?

<p>Sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Enzymatic theory of calculus formation

Calculus forms when phosphatases from saliva or oral bacteria break down phosphate-containing molecules, likely hexose phosphate esters.

Supragingival calculus

Calculus found above the gum line, on the crown of the tooth.

Subgingival calculus

Calculus found below the gum line, on the root of the tooth.

Supragingival calculus appearance

Supragingival calculus is typically white or yellow, hard and clay-like.

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Subgingival calculus appearance

Subgingival calculus is typically brown or greenish-black, hard and flint-like.

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Chemical makeup of supragingival calculus

Supragingival calculus is more likely to contain brushite and octacalcium phosphate.

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Chemical makeup of subgingival calculus

Subgingival calculus is more likely to contain magnesium whitlockite.

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Calculus formation categories

People can be categorized as heavy, moderate, slight, or non-calculus formers based on their calculus accumulation.

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Variability in calculus formation

Calculus formation can vary between individuals, different teeth in the same person, and even over time within a single person.

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Calculus and dental disease

Calculus contributes to the progression of dental disease, such as gingivitis and periodontitis.

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What is dental calculus?

Dental calculus is a hard, calcified deposit that forms on teeth, primarily due to mineralized bacterial biofilm.

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When does dental calculus form?

Dental calculus forms within 48 hours to 2 weeks after the initial plaque biofilm formation.

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How is dental calculus classified?

Dental calculus can be categorized based on its location on the tooth: anterior, posterior, above or below the gum line, on the tooth root, on prostheses, or on restorations.

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What is the composition of dental calculus?

Dental calculus mainly consists of inorganic materials (70-90%) and organic materials (10-30%).

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What are the inorganic components of dental calculus?

The inorganic component of dental calculus is primarily composed of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium phosphate.

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What is the crystalline structure of dental calculus?

The crystalline structure of dental calculus includes various mineral forms, such as calcium brushite, octacalcium phosphate, calcium hydroxyapatite, and magnesium whitlockite.

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Explain the booster mechanism theory of calculus formation.

The booster mechanism theory suggests that an increase in saliva pH, caused by a loss of carbon dioxide or ammonia production, leads to the precipitation of calcium phosphate salts, resulting in calculus formation.

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Explain the epitactic concept of calculus formation.

The epitactic concept proposes that calculus formation starts with small calcification foci, or seeds, which grow and merge together to form a larger calcified mass.

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Explain the inhibition theory of calculus formation.

The inhibition theory posits that specific sites on teeth are protected from calcification by an inhibiting factor, and calculus formation occurs when this inhibitor is altered or removed.

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Explain the transformation theory of calculus formation.

The transformation theory posits that hydroxyapatite formation in calculus is not merely through epitaxis or nucleation, but also through the transformation of amorphous, non-crystalline deposits and brushite into hydroxyapatite.

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Study Notes

Dental Calculus Definition and Classification

  • Dental calculus is mineralized bacterial biofilm, forming 48 hours to 2 weeks after plaque biofilm.
  • Calculus is classified by location:
    • Anterior: On the front teeth.
    • Posterior: On the back teeth.
    • Supragingival: Above the gum line.
    • Subgingival: Below the gum line.
    • Gingival crevice: In the gingival crevice.
    • Root surface with periodontal pockets: On the root surfaces with periodontal pockets.
    • Prothesis: On prosthetic devices.
    • Restoration ledges: On ledges of dental restorations.
    • Imbricated teeth: Between overlapping teeth.
    • Occlusal surfaces: On the biting surfaces.
    • Individual: Variations in calculus formation based on individual
    • Age: Changes over time in calculus formation.

Composition and Structure

  • Calculus is composed of:
    • Organic (10-30%): Primarily plaque bacteria, dead epithelial cells, and white blood cells.
    • Inorganic (70-90%): Primarily magnesium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and calcium phosphate.
  • Crystalline structure:
    • Calcium brushite
    • Octacalcium phosphate
    • Calcium hydroxyapatite
    • Magnesium whitlockite

Theories of Calculus Formation

  • Booster Mechanism: A rise in saliva pH allows precipitation of calcium phosphate salts, potentially caused by CO2 loss or ammonia production.
  • Epitactic Concept: Small calcification foci (seeds) grow and fuse to form a larger mass.
  • Inhibition Theory: Calcification happens only at specific sites due to an inhibiting mechanism elsewhere, which can be altered or removed.
  • Transformation Theory: Hydroxyapatite formation is not only from epitaxy or nucleation, but transformations from amorphous, non-crystalline deposits to brushite and then to hydroxyapatite.
  • Bacterial Theory: Oral microorganisms (like Leptotrichia and Actinomyces) are a primary cause through attachment to tooth surfaces.
  • Enzymatic Theory: Phosphatases from oral tissues or microorganisms act on salivary phosphates, possibly phosphoric esters, leading to calculus formation.

Supra vs. Subgingival Calculus

  • Supragingival:
    • Adheres tightly to the crowns of teeth.
    • Located coronal to the gingival margin.
    • Usually white or yellow, hard and clay-like.
    • Higher brushite and octacalcium phosphate, lower magnesium whitlockite.
    • Low sodium content, has salivary proteins.
    • Clinically visible.
    • Relatively easy to remove.
  • Subgingival:
    • Adheres firmly to tooth surfaces.
    • Located apical to the crest of marginal gingiva.
    • Usually brown, greenish-black, hard, and firm (flint/glass-like).
    • Lower brushite and octacalcium phosphate, higher magnesium whitlockite.
  • Subgingival:
    • Higher sodium content, lacking salivary proteins. Not visible.
    • Harder to remove.

Relevance to Dental Disease

  • Calculus formation varies greatly between individuals, teeth, and time periods.
  • Individuals are categorized as:
    • Heavy
    • Moderate
    • Slight
    • Non-calculus formers
  • Calculus accumulation directly influences the progression of dental diseases.

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Description

Explore the definition and classification of dental calculus in this quiz. Learn about its formation, location, and composition. This quiz covers essential knowledge for dental hygiene students and professionals.

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