Dental Adhesion and Bonding Principles

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Questions and Answers

What primarily contributes to the retention of glass ionomer cements (GICs)?

Micromechanical retention and some chemical bonding (correct)

Surface tension effects

Mechanical interlocking only

Chemical bonding only

Which of the following is a primary advantage of glass ionomer cements?

Translucency and fluoride release (correct)

Opaque appearance

High strength

Low viscosity

Which cement type is known for having a sedative effect on the pulp?

Zinc oxide-eugenol (correct)

Glass ionomer cements

Composite resin cements

Resin-based cements

What characteristic do glassy ceramics exhibit compared to crystalline ceramics?

Better esthetics Signup and view all the answers

Which material is not included in the crystal base for ceramics?

Polycarbonate Signup and view all the answers

What method is primarily used for manufacturing glassy ceramics?

Stacked manufacturing Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of crystalline-dominated ceramics affects their esthetic application?

Improved strength Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of resin-based cements?

Difficult to clean up Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of all ceramic restorations compared to ceramic-alloy restorations?

Better esthetics Signup and view all the answers

Which type of impression material is known for having the best elastic recovery?

Addition silicones Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes elastomeric impression materials from alginates?

Elastomerics have higher dimensional stability. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of dimensional stability over time, how do polyether impression materials compare to addition silicones?

Polyether materials have less dimensional stability. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage associated with all ceramic restorations?

Increased risk of fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding addition silicone impression materials?

They have a short working time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of alginate impression materials?

High viscosity at all times Signup and view all the answers

What type of system do polyether impression materials utilize?

Base and catalyst system Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the mechanical properties of ceramics from metals?

Greater compressive strength Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of a ceramic veneer is greater than that of the supporting alloy during heating?

The veneer remains under compression and stays intact. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial in preventing debonding of ceramics and alloys?

Proper matching of coefficient of thermal expansion Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of surface roughening in ceramic-alloy bonding?

It increases the wetting area and micromechanical retention. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the behavior of most ceramics under thermal stress?

They experience tensile stress and may fracture if not properly bonded. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ceramic restoration involves both porcelain and metal?

Porcelain fused to metal crowns Signup and view all the answers

What property of ceramics makes them suitable for use in dental restorations?

Good biocompatibility with minimal adverse effects Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily affects the wear of ceramic materials in dental applications?

Smoothness of the restoration surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tear strength in impression materials?

To resist tearing in thin sections Signup and view all the answers

Which dental stone type is primarily used for study models and diagnostics?

Dental plaster type II Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the viscosity of impression material during the setting process?

It increases as the material cures Signup and view all the answers

Which dental stone type is known for having the strongest compressive strength?

High strength/high-expansion dental stone type V Signup and view all the answers

How does strain rate affect the mechanical response of dental materials?

Higher strain rates result in higher modulus values Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the process of converting calcium sulfate dihydrate to calcium sulfate hemihydrate?

Calcination Signup and view all the answers

What defines the hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of a surface in terms of contact angle?

Theta less than 90 degrees indicates hydrophilic Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of high strength/low-expansion dental stone?

It is used for dental dies requiring high strength Signup and view all the answers

What effect do accelerators have on the setting time of gypsum products?

They speed up the rate of setting. Signup and view all the answers

Which gypsum product has the highest setting expansion?

Plaster Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in water-powder ratio affect the mechanical properties of gypsum products?

It decreases their strength. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common retarder used in plaster mixtures?

Borax Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between temperature and setting time for gypsum products?

Higher temperatures increase setting time. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the hygroscopic properties of gypsum materials?

Gypsum materials absorb water and can change from hemihydrate to dihydrate. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the strength of gypsum products when excessive water is added?

Strength decreases due to the formation of voids. Signup and view all the answers

Which property of gypsum products is affected by the size of the crystals formed during setting?

Dimensional accuracy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wax is primarily used to create wax patterns for crowns and bridges?

Inlay wax Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of base plate waxes in denture construction?

To build denture contours and position denture teeth Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates Type III processing wax from Type I and Type II?

It is specifically used in tropical climates Signup and view all the answers

Which wax is known for its tackiness, allowing it to be easily attached to each other?

Utility wax Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary application for bite-registration wax?

Accurate articulation of opposing models Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in bonding to dentin?

Degradation of biomaterials over time Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is known to weaken dental amalgam?

Gamma 2 phase Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a higher tubule density in dentin have on bond strength?

It decreases bond strength Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary matrix phase formed during amalgamation in dental amalgam?

Gamma 1 phase Signup and view all the answers

How does water affect the bonding process in dentin?

It lowers the surface energy of dentin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of dental amalgam?

Silver alloy Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is used as a collagen crosslinking agent in bonding protocols?

Gluma Signup and view all the answers

What happens if dentin is allowed to dry during the bonding process?

It prevents resin infiltration Signup and view all the answers

Which material is characterized by both good esthetics and better strength than glassy ceramics?

Crystalline-dominated ceramics Signup and view all the answers

Which method of manufacturing ceramics is used for glassy ceramics?

Stacking Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component found in resin-based cement composition?

BisGMA Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do glass ionomer cements (GICs) provide in dental applications?

Chemical bonding Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ceramic is known for being the strongest but also most opaque?

Crystalline ceramics Signup and view all the answers

What type of ceramic manufacturing includes the use of CAD/CAM technology?

Machining Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of temporary resin cements in comparison to other cements?

Easy to remove Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials is primarily used in the crystalline base for ceramics?

Alumina Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of inlay waxes?

To form wax patterns for crowns, inlays, or bridges Signup and view all the answers

Which type of processing wax is primarily used for taking and pouring impressions?

Boxing wax Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of high copper alloys over low copper alloys in dental applications?

Greater strength and longevity Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Type II processing wax from Type I?

Type II can be used in temperate climates Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true about sticky wax?

It is brittle and hard at room temperature but becomes sticky when heated Signup and view all the answers

Which shape of silver alloy particles is associated with higher compressive strength?

Spherical Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the progressive destruction of metal in dental materials?

Corrosion Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of utility wax in dental practice?

To provide adhesion and ease of use for adjusting trays Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily responsible for the risk of fracture in amalgam restorations immediately after placement?

Dimensional change during setting Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of irregularly shaped silver alloy particles in amalgam?

Increased surface area Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals is classified as a base metal in dental applications?

Titanium Signup and view all the answers

Which property of amalgam is indicated by the term 'creep'?

Gradual deformation under constant stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for phasing down the use of amalgam in dental practices?

Toxicity and mercury exposure Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the viscosity of wax as it reaches its melting point?

It decreases significantly. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dental wax is derived from natural sources?

Beeswax Signup and view all the answers

How do synthetic waxes differ from natural waxes?

Synthetic waxes are manufactured from petrochemicals. Signup and view all the answers

Which property of wax is influenced by the application of force?

Viscosity Signup and view all the answers

What does low compressive strength in wax indicate?

Waxes can easily undergo permanent deformation. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does temperature have on the flow of wax?

Lower temperatures lead to reduced flow properties. Signup and view all the answers

What does residual stress in a wax refer to?

Stress accumulated due to manipulation while heating or cooling. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wax undergoes time-dependent deformation under constant force?

Semi-solid waxes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased temperature on alginate during the setting process?

It shortens the setting and working times. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to alginate when it is stored in water?

Alginate expands due to water absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences the strength of alginate impression material?

Thickness of the mix used. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using alginate in dental procedures?

Ease of mixing and low cost. Signup and view all the answers

How does under or over mixing alginate affect its properties?

Weakens alginate's mechanical strength. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'elastic recovery' refer to in the context of impression materials?

Ability to recover to original shape after stress, yet with permanent deformation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using a thinner alginate mix during application?

Lower mechanical strength and higher expansion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of strain rate on the mechanical response of dental materials?

Higher strain rates result in higher values of modulus. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Guidelines

Review all lecture content, including online and in-class material.
Exams are cumulative, so review previous guidelines for midterms.
Follow the recommended reading from the syllabus.
Complete the self-test questions at the end of each chapter in the book.

Adhesion and Bonding

Understand the types of bonds in dentistry (mechanical and chemical).
Mechanical interlocking uses rough surfaces to create a bond between materials.
Chemical adhesion uses chemical reactions to create a bond.
Materials can use both mechanical and chemical bonding simultaneously.
Acid etching removes the smear layer without demineralizing the surface. This is done to improve bond strength.
37% phosphoric acid and EDTA can remove the smear layer.
Self-etching systems use monomers like 10-MDP, 4-META, and phenyl-P.
Bonding materials include primers and resins. Examples of primers include HEMA and 4-META.
Bonding agents include Bis-GMA, UDMA, and TEGDMA.
Understand the differences between bonding strategies like etch and rinse, self-etch, and universal.
Note the number of steps and bottles for each bonding method.

Challenges of Bonding to Dentin

Retention is essential for long-term success to avoid leaks, bacteria penetration, sensitivity, failure, etc.
Degradation of biomaterials can affect retention.
Proper preparation methods, material handling, and lamp calibration are crucial for successful bonding.
Water and organic components can reduce the surface energy of dentin impacting bonding.
Chlorohexidine and Gluma can be used for cleaning and disinfecting before bonding.

Metals - Amalgam

Amalgam is a mixture of silver alloy and mercury.
Amalgamation involves the dissolving of the silver, tin, and copper into mercury.
Amalgam composition includes silver, tin, copper, and zinc.
The amount of copper in amalgam impacts the properties. Higher copper content = better strength/longevity.
Differences in alloy shape (irregular, spherical, admixed) affects amalgam properties. Spherical has higher compressive strength than admixed.

Dental Amalgam

Amalgamation reaction results in the formation of a gamma phase.
The gamma 1 phase is a silver-mercury compound.
The gamma 2 phase is a tin-mercury compound.
Higher copper alloys have better properties than low copper alloys, including higher strength, less corrosion, less creep, better longevity.
Shape, and size of particles influence the overall properties of amalgam.

Metals - Casting Alloys and Titanium

Noble metals (gold, palladium, platinum) have high corrosion resistance.
Base metals (nickel, copper, silver, cobalt, zinc, and titanium) can corrode more easily.
Identify different noble or base metals, and their properties.
Properties of metals, including strength and melting points influence use cases.

Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) Characteristics

Ti-6Al-4V has high corrosion resistance and suitable biocompatibility.
Its oxide layer provides protection and support for biointegration.

Cements

There are three types of dental cements: luting agents (Type I), restorative materials (Type II), and liners/bases (Type III).
Types of cements include glass ionomer, resin modified glass ionomer, and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE).

Ceramics Characteristics

Ceramics are often used for their esthetics.
Different types of ceramics dominate various dental applications. (glassy, crystalline-dominated).
Common types include leucite, fluorapatite, spinel, zirconia, alumina, lithium disilicate, lithium silicate, and glassy phase.

Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM)

PFM restorations have a metal framework.
Porcelain is fused to the metal for esthetic restoration.

Impression Materials

There are two types of impression materials: hydrocolloids, and elastomeric.
Alginate hydrocolloids are water-based and are a more economical option.
Elastomeric materials include addition silicones and polyethers. These are more accurate and have greater dimensional stability.
Impression materials are important for accurately capturing the shape and size of the mouth.

Dental Waxes

Dental waxes are used in various restorative procedures, like inlays, crowns, and bridges.
There are natural (beeswax, etc) and synthetic waxes used (polyethylene, polystyrene, and castor wax).
Key properties include: melt range, flow, residual stress, and thermal expansion.

Dental Stones

Gypsum-based materials (plaster and stones) are commonly used for creating models and dies.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of adhesion and bonding in dentistry, including mechanical and chemical bonding methods. Understand the importance of acid etching and bonding materials such as primers and resins. Review the types of bonds and self-etching systems that enhance bond strength in dental procedures.