Dental Adhesion and Bonding Principles
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Questions and Answers

What primarily contributes to the retention of glass ionomer cements (GICs)?

  • Micromechanical retention and some chemical bonding (correct)
  • Surface tension effects
  • Mechanical interlocking only
  • Chemical bonding only

Which of the following is a primary advantage of glass ionomer cements?

  • Translucency and fluoride release (correct)
  • Opaque appearance
  • High strength
  • Low viscosity

Which cement type is known for having a sedative effect on the pulp?

  • Zinc oxide-eugenol (correct)
  • Glass ionomer cements
  • Composite resin cements
  • Resin-based cements

What characteristic do glassy ceramics exhibit compared to crystalline ceramics?

<p>Better esthetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is not included in the crystal base for ceramics?

<p>Polycarbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is primarily used for manufacturing glassy ceramics?

<p>Stacked manufacturing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of crystalline-dominated ceramics affects their esthetic application?

<p>Improved strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of resin-based cements?

<p>Difficult to clean up (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of all ceramic restorations compared to ceramic-alloy restorations?

<p>Better esthetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of impression material is known for having the best elastic recovery?

<p>Addition silicones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes elastomeric impression materials from alginates?

<p>Elastomerics have higher dimensional stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of dimensional stability over time, how do polyether impression materials compare to addition silicones?

<p>Polyether materials have less dimensional stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage associated with all ceramic restorations?

<p>Increased risk of fracture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding addition silicone impression materials?

<p>They have a short working time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of alginate impression materials?

<p>High viscosity at all times (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of system do polyether impression materials utilize?

<p>Base and catalyst system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the mechanical properties of ceramics from metals?

<p>Greater compressive strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of a ceramic veneer is greater than that of the supporting alloy during heating?

<p>The veneer remains under compression and stays intact. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial in preventing debonding of ceramics and alloys?

<p>Proper matching of coefficient of thermal expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of surface roughening in ceramic-alloy bonding?

<p>It increases the wetting area and micromechanical retention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the behavior of most ceramics under thermal stress?

<p>They experience tensile stress and may fracture if not properly bonded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ceramic restoration involves both porcelain and metal?

<p>Porcelain fused to metal crowns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of ceramics makes them suitable for use in dental restorations?

<p>Good biocompatibility with minimal adverse effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily affects the wear of ceramic materials in dental applications?

<p>Smoothness of the restoration surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tear strength in impression materials?

<p>To resist tearing in thin sections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dental stone type is primarily used for study models and diagnostics?

<p>Dental plaster type II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the viscosity of impression material during the setting process?

<p>It increases as the material cures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dental stone type is known for having the strongest compressive strength?

<p>High strength/high-expansion dental stone type V (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does strain rate affect the mechanical response of dental materials?

<p>Higher strain rates result in higher modulus values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the process of converting calcium sulfate dihydrate to calcium sulfate hemihydrate?

<p>Calcination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of a surface in terms of contact angle?

<p>Theta less than 90 degrees indicates hydrophilic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of high strength/low-expansion dental stone?

<p>It is used for dental dies requiring high strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do accelerators have on the setting time of gypsum products?

<p>They speed up the rate of setting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gypsum product has the highest setting expansion?

<p>Plaster (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in water-powder ratio affect the mechanical properties of gypsum products?

<p>It decreases their strength. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common retarder used in plaster mixtures?

<p>Borax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between temperature and setting time for gypsum products?

<p>Higher temperatures increase setting time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the hygroscopic properties of gypsum materials?

<p>Gypsum materials absorb water and can change from hemihydrate to dihydrate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the strength of gypsum products when excessive water is added?

<p>Strength decreases due to the formation of voids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of gypsum products is affected by the size of the crystals formed during setting?

<p>Dimensional accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wax is primarily used to create wax patterns for crowns and bridges?

<p>Inlay wax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of base plate waxes in denture construction?

<p>To build denture contours and position denture teeth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates Type III processing wax from Type I and Type II?

<p>It is specifically used in tropical climates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wax is known for its tackiness, allowing it to be easily attached to each other?

<p>Utility wax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary application for bite-registration wax?

<p>Accurate articulation of opposing models (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in bonding to dentin?

<p>Degradation of biomaterials over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is known to weaken dental amalgam?

<p>Gamma 2 phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a higher tubule density in dentin have on bond strength?

<p>It decreases bond strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary matrix phase formed during amalgamation in dental amalgam?

<p>Gamma 1 phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water affect the bonding process in dentin?

<p>It lowers the surface energy of dentin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of dental amalgam?

<p>Silver alloy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is used as a collagen crosslinking agent in bonding protocols?

<p>Gluma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if dentin is allowed to dry during the bonding process?

<p>It prevents resin infiltration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is characterized by both good esthetics and better strength than glassy ceramics?

<p>Crystalline-dominated ceramics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of manufacturing ceramics is used for glassy ceramics?

<p>Stacking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component found in resin-based cement composition?

<p>BisGMA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do glass ionomer cements (GICs) provide in dental applications?

<p>Chemical bonding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ceramic is known for being the strongest but also most opaque?

<p>Crystalline ceramics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ceramic manufacturing includes the use of CAD/CAM technology?

<p>Machining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of temporary resin cements in comparison to other cements?

<p>Easy to remove (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials is primarily used in the crystalline base for ceramics?

<p>Alumina (A), Zirconia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of inlay waxes?

<p>To form wax patterns for crowns, inlays, or bridges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of processing wax is primarily used for taking and pouring impressions?

<p>Boxing wax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of high copper alloys over low copper alloys in dental applications?

<p>Greater strength and longevity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Type II processing wax from Type I?

<p>Type II can be used in temperate climates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true about sticky wax?

<p>It is brittle and hard at room temperature but becomes sticky when heated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which shape of silver alloy particles is associated with higher compressive strength?

<p>Spherical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the progressive destruction of metal in dental materials?

<p>Corrosion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of utility wax in dental practice?

<p>To provide adhesion and ease of use for adjusting trays (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily responsible for the risk of fracture in amalgam restorations immediately after placement?

<p>Dimensional change during setting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of irregularly shaped silver alloy particles in amalgam?

<p>Increased surface area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals is classified as a base metal in dental applications?

<p>Titanium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of amalgam is indicated by the term 'creep'?

<p>Gradual deformation under constant stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for phasing down the use of amalgam in dental practices?

<p>Toxicity and mercury exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the viscosity of wax as it reaches its melting point?

<p>It decreases significantly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dental wax is derived from natural sources?

<p>Beeswax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do synthetic waxes differ from natural waxes?

<p>Synthetic waxes are manufactured from petrochemicals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of wax is influenced by the application of force?

<p>Viscosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does low compressive strength in wax indicate?

<p>Waxes can easily undergo permanent deformation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does temperature have on the flow of wax?

<p>Lower temperatures lead to reduced flow properties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does residual stress in a wax refer to?

<p>Stress accumulated due to manipulation while heating or cooling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wax undergoes time-dependent deformation under constant force?

<p>Semi-solid waxes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased temperature on alginate during the setting process?

<p>It shortens the setting and working times. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to alginate when it is stored in water?

<p>Alginate expands due to water absorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences the strength of alginate impression material?

<p>Thickness of the mix used. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using alginate in dental procedures?

<p>Ease of mixing and low cost. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does under or over mixing alginate affect its properties?

<p>Weakens alginate's mechanical strength. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'elastic recovery' refer to in the context of impression materials?

<p>Ability to recover to original shape after stress, yet with permanent deformation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using a thinner alginate mix during application?

<p>Lower mechanical strength and higher expansion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of strain rate on the mechanical response of dental materials?

<p>Higher strain rates result in higher values of modulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ceramic Mechanical Properties

Ceramics are strong in compression, but weak in tension. They are hard and brittle compared to other materials like alloys and polymers.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)

A measure of how much a material expands when heated.

CTE Mismatch and Debonding

If materials with different CTEs are bonded together, this can cause tension or compression in the bonded layers, which can lead to failure.

Biocompatibility of Ceramics

How well a ceramic material interacts with living tissue, with minimal adverse effects.

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Ceramic Restorations

Dental procedures using ceramic materials like PFM (porcelain fused to metal) and all-ceramic crowns.

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Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM)

A dental crown made of porcelain fused to a metal framework. The porcelain layer provides a natural tooth color.

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Ceramic-Metal Bonding

The bonding between a ceramic and a metal is achieved through chemistry by diffusion and roughening of surfaces to increase contact area.

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Sintering

A ceramic forming technique that applies high heat to compact the ceramic material into the desired shape.

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Glass-ionomer cement (GIC)

A dental cement with good adhesion and translucency, primarily relying on micromechanical bonding, with some chemical bonding. Releases fluoride for caries prevention.

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Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) cement

Oil-based cement having a sedative effect on the pulp. Used for short-term cementation due to its weakness.

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Resin-based cement

Dental cement using low-viscosity resin composites, with either light or chemical curing. Includes temporary cements with relatively low bond strength.

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Dental Ceramic Composition

Dental ceramics are composed of both crystalline and glassy phases. Crystalline phases contribute strength, while glassy phases provide translucency.

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Glass-dominated ceramic

Dental ceramic with a high proportion of glass phase. Provides good esthetics (translucency) and relatively higher strength.

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Crystalline-dominated ceramic

Dental ceramic with more crystalline material, resulting in improved strength. However, it is more opaque than glass-dominated ceramics.

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Ceramic Manufacturing Methods

Dental ceramics are manufactured using various methods including stacking, pressing, milling, additive manufacturing, and slip casting.

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CAD/CAM milling

Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing used for milling dental ceramics, where a digital impression is used to create the desired shape with a milling machine.

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All-ceramic restorations

Dental restorations made entirely of ceramic materials, replacing metal alloys.

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All-ceramic core material

High-strength, crystalline ceramic material replacing metal alloy cores in all-ceramic restorations; often opaque.

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Veneering ceramics

Glazy or glassy ceramic materials for all-ceramic restorations, meant for aesthetics and translucence.

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Impression materials (alginates)

Dissolvable hydrocolloid impression materials used in dentistry for creating negative molds; they form a gel.

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Impression materials (elastomeric)

Flexible, cross-linked polymers providing accurate, detailed impressions; examples include addition silicones and polyethers.

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Addition silicones

Elastomeric impression material with two-part systems. Known for low dimensional change and good elasticity.

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Polyether impression materials

Elastomeric impression material with two-part systems and greater dimensional change than addition silicones but longer shelf life.

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CAD/CAM technologies

Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing technologies used in dentistry for digital impressions.

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Water-Powder Ratio (W/P)

The amount of water added to 100 grams of powdered gypsum.

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Accelerator (gypsum)

A substance that speeds up the setting time of gypsum.

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Retarder (gypsum)

A substance that slows down the setting time of gypsum.

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Setting Time (gypsum)

The time it takes for a gypsum product to harden.

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Gypsum Hygroscopic Nature

Gypsum materials absorb moisture from the air.

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Crystal Expansion (gypsum)

The increase in volume of gypsum crystals during setting.

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Porosity (gypsum)

The amount of voids or empty spaces in a gypsum material.

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Mechanical Properties

The strength and durability of gypsum materials during setting and use.

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Tear Strength

The ability of an impression material to resist tearing when thin.

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Working Time

The time available to manipulate an impression material.

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Setting Time

The time allowed for an impression material to harden.

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Dimensional Stability

The ability of a material to maintain its size over time.

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Strain Rate Dependence

How a material's mechanical properties change with the speed of loading.

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Dental Stone Types

Different types of dental stone, each with particular uses and characteristics.

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Gypsum Phases

Gypsum comes in different forms, like calcium sulfate dihydrate and hemihydrate.

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Dental Stone Phase Change

The process of converting from a dihydrate to hemihydrate form and vice versa through the addition or removal of water.

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Wax Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Waxes have the highest coefficient of thermal expansion among dental materials, meaning they expand significantly when heated and contract greatly when cooled.

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Pattern Wax vs. Processing Wax

Pattern waxes are used to create models of teeth and dentures, while processing waxes are used to aid in the fabrication process.

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Inlay Wax

Inlay wax is used to create patterns for crowns, inlays, and bridges, which are then used to create the final restoration.

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Types of Base Plate Wax

Base plate waxes are graded by hardness (Type I: Soft, Type II: Medium, Type III: Hard) to suit different climates and applications.

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Boxing Wax

Boxing wax is a type of processing wax used to create a box around impressions, ensuring a smooth pouring of plaster.

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Amalgam Composition

Dental amalgam is a mixture of silver alloy, mercury, and small amounts of zinc and palladium. The amalgamation process involves dissolving copper, silver, and tin into the mercury, forming an amalgam matrix.

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Gamma Phases in Amalgam

There are three main gamma phases in low-copper dental amalgam: Gamma (Ag-Sn alloy), Gamma 1 (Ag-Hg compound), and Gamma 2 (Sn-Hg compound). Gamma 1 provides strength and corrosion resistance. Gamma 2 is undesired due to its weakness and susceptibility to corrosion.

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High Copper Amalgam

High-copper amalgam aims to eliminate the weak Gamma 2 phase by reacting tin with copper instead. This reduces the risk of corrosion and creep, leading to a more durable and reliable restoration.

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Silver Powder Composition

Silver powder used in dental amalgam typically contains silver, tin, and copper. The ratio of these metals influences the amalgam's final properties, such as strength and corrosion resistance.

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Bonding to Dentin

Bonding to dentin presents challenges because the presence of water and organic components lowers the surface energy. Wet collagen is essential for resin infiltration, but if it dries, it collapses and obstructs the bond.

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Tubule Density

Dentin bond strength is lower in areas with high tubule density, such as near the pulp. This is because the tubules make it harder for the resin to penetrate and form a strong bond.

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Wet Bonding in Dentin

Maintaining a wet dentin surface during bonding is crucial to ensure proper resin infiltration and a strong bond. The water keeps collagen expanded, allowing the resin to penetrate and form a seal.

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Retention in Dentin

Retention of dental restorations in dentin is critical for long-term success. If the bond fails, it can lead to sensitivity, staining, secondary caries, and inflammation. Ensuring proper preparation, biomaterial selection, and technique are vital.

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Low Copper Amalgam

A type of dental amalgam with a lower copper content. It is prone to long-term expansion due to moisture and is being replaced by high copper amalgam.

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Amalgam Creep

The gradual deformation of amalgam over time under constant stress. It is related to the breakdown at the margins of the restoration.

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Spherical Amalgam

A type of amalgam composed of spherical silver alloy particles. It's easier to pack, creating a less porous restoration and higher compressive strength.

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Irregular Amalgam

A type of amalgam composed of irregular-shaped silver alloy particles. It offers higher surface area, stronger mechanical interlocking, and less flowability.

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Admixed Amalgam

A type of amalgam using a combination of spherical and irregular silver alloy particles. It balances improved bonding, flowability, and packing density.

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Amalgam Dimensional Change

The slight change in size that occurs during the setting process of amalgam. It involves initial contraction followed by expansion.

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Amalgam Corrosion

The breakdown of the metal due to chemical or electrochemical reactions with the environment. This process can weaken amalgam restorations.

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Wax CTE

Waxes have the highest coefficient of thermal expansion of any dental material. This means they expand a lot when heated and contract a lot when cooled.

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Pattern Wax

Pattern waxes are used to create models for dental restorations (like crowns, inlays, or bridges).

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Casting Wax

Casting wax is used to create the wax pattern for the metallic framework of removable partial dentures.

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Base Plate Wax

Base plate waxes are used to build up the contours of dentures and hold the denture teeth in place before processing.

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Processing Wax

Processing waxes are used in various stages of dental fabrication to aid in the creation of restorations.

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Alginate Setting Time

The time it takes for the chemical reaction in alginate to complete, resulting in a solid impression material.

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Alginate Working Time

The time available to mix and manipulate the alginate material before it starts to set.

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Factors Affecting Alginate Setting Time

Temperature, water-to-powder ratio, and mixing technique can all influence the setting time of alginate.

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GIC: What's the main bonding mechanism?

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) primarily relies on micromechanical bonding, with some chemical bonding for retention.

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GIC: What's special about it?

GIC is considered superior to many cements because it adheres well and is translucent, allowing light to pass through.

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Alginate Elastic Recovery

The ability of alginate to return to its original shape after being deformed.

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Factors Affecting Alginate Elastic Recovery

Time under compression, amount of deformation, and mix consistency all affect how well alginate recovers.

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GIC: What are its benefits?

GIC releases fluoride, which helps prevent cavities and strengthens tooth enamel and dentin.

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Alginate Dimensional Changes

Alginate can shrink or expand depending on its storage conditions. Storing in air leads to shrinkage, while storing in water causes expansion.

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ZOE Cement: What's its main characteristic?

Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) cement is oil-based and has a sedative effect on the pulp, the soft tissue in the center of the tooth.

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Resin-based cement: What's its composition?

Resin-based cements are essentially low-viscosity versions of restorative composite materials.

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Impressions Materials are Viscoelastic

Impressions materials exhibit properties of both viscous fluids and elastic solids.

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Ceramic types: How do they differ?

Ceramics are classified based on their composition: glassy (mostly glass), glass-dominated (more glass, better strength), crystalline-dominated (more crystals, better strength, but opaque).

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Ceramic manufacturing: Name some methods.

Ceramics are manufactured using methods like stacking, pressing, milling, additive manufacturing (3D printing), and slip casting.

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CAD/CAM: What is it?

CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) is a technology used to digitally design and mill ceramics using a digital impression.

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Alginate Hardness

The hardness of alginate decreases as the hardness of the material it comes into contact with increases.

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Dental Wax Flow Properties

Dental waxes exhibit different flow properties depending on temperature, applied force, and time.

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Melting Range of Wax

Waxes don't have a single melting point but rather a range of temperatures at which they melt due to varying composition.

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Residual Stress in Wax

Residual stress is stress remaining in wax after manipulating it with heat, cooling, bending, or carving.

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What are the types of dental wax?

Dental waxes can be natural (e.g., beeswax) or synthetic (e.g., polyethylene wax). Natural waxes are derived from animals, plants, or minerals.

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What is the importance of good wetting for dental impressions?

Good wetting between water-based impression materials and gypsum ensures accurate reproduction of details by enabling smooth contact and avoiding air bubbles.

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Why do addition silicones work well with gypsum?

Addition silicones are non-water-based impression materials that provide good detail reproduction with gypsum, but the quality deteriorates with other materials.

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What is the importance of contact angle in dental materials?

A small contact angle indicates good wettability, which leads to better surface detail reproduction in impression materials.

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Study Notes

General Guidelines

  • Review all lecture content, including online and in-class material.
  • Exams are cumulative, so review previous guidelines for midterms.
  • Follow the recommended reading from the syllabus.
  • Complete the self-test questions at the end of each chapter in the book.

Adhesion and Bonding

  • Understand the types of bonds in dentistry (mechanical and chemical).
  • Mechanical interlocking uses rough surfaces to create a bond between materials.
  • Chemical adhesion uses chemical reactions to create a bond.
  • Materials can use both mechanical and chemical bonding simultaneously.
  • Acid etching removes the smear layer without demineralizing the surface. This is done to improve bond strength.
  • 37% phosphoric acid and EDTA can remove the smear layer.
  • Self-etching systems use monomers like 10-MDP, 4-META, and phenyl-P.
  • Bonding materials include primers and resins. Examples of primers include HEMA and 4-META.
  • Bonding agents include Bis-GMA, UDMA, and TEGDMA.
  • Understand the differences between bonding strategies like etch and rinse, self-etch, and universal.
  • Note the number of steps and bottles for each bonding method.

Challenges of Bonding to Dentin

  • Retention is essential for long-term success to avoid leaks, bacteria penetration, sensitivity, failure, etc.
  • Degradation of biomaterials can affect retention.
  • Proper preparation methods, material handling, and lamp calibration are crucial for successful bonding.
  • Water and organic components can reduce the surface energy of dentin impacting bonding.
  • Chlorohexidine and Gluma can be used for cleaning and disinfecting before bonding.

Metals - Amalgam

  • Amalgam is a mixture of silver alloy and mercury.
  • Amalgamation involves the dissolving of the silver, tin, and copper into mercury.
  • Amalgam composition includes silver, tin, copper, and zinc.
  • The amount of copper in amalgam impacts the properties. Higher copper content = better strength/longevity.
  • Differences in alloy shape (irregular, spherical, admixed) affects amalgam properties. Spherical has higher compressive strength than admixed.

Dental Amalgam

  • Amalgamation reaction results in the formation of a gamma phase.
  • The gamma 1 phase is a silver-mercury compound.
  • The gamma 2 phase is a tin-mercury compound.
  • Higher copper alloys have better properties than low copper alloys, including higher strength, less corrosion, less creep, better longevity.
  • Shape, and size of particles influence the overall properties of amalgam.

Metals - Casting Alloys and Titanium

  • Noble metals (gold, palladium, platinum) have high corrosion resistance.
  • Base metals (nickel, copper, silver, cobalt, zinc, and titanium) can corrode more easily.
  • Identify different noble or base metals, and their properties.
  • Properties of metals, including strength and melting points influence use cases.

Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) Characteristics

  • Ti-6Al-4V has high corrosion resistance and suitable biocompatibility.
  • Its oxide layer provides protection and support for biointegration.

Cements

  • There are three types of dental cements: luting agents (Type I), restorative materials (Type II), and liners/bases (Type III).
  • Types of cements include glass ionomer, resin modified glass ionomer, and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE).

Ceramics Characteristics

  • Ceramics are often used for their esthetics.
  • Different types of ceramics dominate various dental applications. (glassy, crystalline-dominated).
  • Common types include leucite, fluorapatite, spinel, zirconia, alumina, lithium disilicate, lithium silicate, and glassy phase.

Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM)

  • PFM restorations have a metal framework.
  • Porcelain is fused to the metal for esthetic restoration.

Impression Materials

  • There are two types of impression materials: hydrocolloids, and elastomeric.
  • Alginate hydrocolloids are water-based and are a more economical option.
  • Elastomeric materials include addition silicones and polyethers. These are more accurate and have greater dimensional stability.
  • Impression materials are important for accurately capturing the shape and size of the mouth.

Dental Waxes

  • Dental waxes are used in various restorative procedures, like inlays, crowns, and bridges.
  • There are natural (beeswax, etc) and synthetic waxes used (polyethylene, polystyrene, and castor wax).
  • Key properties include: melt range, flow, residual stress, and thermal expansion.

Dental Stones

  • Gypsum-based materials (plaster and stones) are commonly used for creating models and dies.

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Dental Materials Past Paper - Fall 2024 - D150 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of adhesion and bonding in dentistry, including mechanical and chemical bonding methods. Understand the importance of acid etching and bonding materials such as primers and resins. Review the types of bonds and self-etching systems that enhance bond strength in dental procedures.

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