Dental Bonding Techniques Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What classification is given to a high noble metal alloy?

  • Only includes palladium and platinum
  • Contains no base metals
  • Greater than 40% gold content and greater than 60% noble metal content (correct)
  • Greater than 25% noble metal content

Which property of alloys is important for resisting occlusal forces?

  • Corrosion resistance
  • Modulus (correct)
  • Density
  • Melting point

What is the primary purpose of etching in dentistry?

  • To enhance the aesthetic appearance of the tooth
  • To remove or modify the smear layer (correct)
  • To decrease the bonding time of adhesives
  • To reinforce the tooth structure

How can the hardness of an alloy be increased?

<p>With heat treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes predominantly base metal alloys?

<p>Low density and low cost (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a bonding agent used in dentistry?

<p>Silicone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the solidus temperature in casting alloys?

<p>The lowest temperature at which the entire alloy is solid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of self-etch bonding systems?

<p>They usually consist of a one- or two-step process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals is known to have questionable biocompatibility?

<p>Nickel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by mechanical interlocking in dental adhesion?

<p>The penetration of one material into the irregularities of another (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of heat on metals during casting?

<p>They expand when heated and shrink upon cooling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a functional monomer used in self-etching systems?

<p>10-MDP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the etch and rinse bonding strategy from the self-etch strategy?

<p>Self-etch does not involve acid etching (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of noble alloys?

<p>They often have copper and silver added for strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acid is commonly used during the etching process in dentistry?

<p>37% phosphoric acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primers in bonding systems?

<p>To bond the collagen with hydrophilic ends (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What affects the biocompatibility of titanium alloys?

<p>The oxide layer formed on the titanium surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a key benefit of Ti-6Al-4V compared to cp-Ti?

<p>Improved mechanical properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of Ti-6Al-4V?

<p>90% titanium, 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dental cement is classified as a base material?

<p>Resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main property of cement types classified as Type II?

<p>Used for corrective restorative materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the ease of casting for alloys?

<p>Lower solidification shrinkage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cement is known for its antibacterial properties?

<p>Resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which grade of cp-Ti contains the highest oxygen content?

<p>Grade 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of all-ceramic alloy restorations?

<p>Potential for better esthetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of impression material is classified as elastomeric?

<p>Polyvinyl siloxane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common properties of alginates?

<p>Hydrophilic nature and can form gels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about addition silicones is correct?

<p>They provide excellent dimensional stability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of impression material is not hydrophilic?

<p>Plaster-based material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of polyether impression materials?

<p>Requires moisture for proper storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the tear strength of addition silicones?

<p>It is mid-low compared to other elastomeric materials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature sets all-ceramic restorations apart from ceramic-alloy restorations?

<p>Higher potential for esthetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding tear strength when using impression materials?

<p>Preventing tearing in thin sections during removal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dental stone is known for being the weakest in compressive strength?

<p>Impression plaster - type I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the setting time of an impression material refer to?

<p>The total time taken for the material to become a solid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does strain rate affect the mechanical properties of dental materials?

<p>Higher strain rates correspond with increased values of modulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that converts calcium sulfate dihydrate to calcium sulfate hemihydrate?

<p>Calcination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes high strength/high-expansion dental stone (Type V)?

<p>Compensates for the shrinkage of casting alloys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference in viscosity behavior during the setting of impression materials?

<p>Viscosity increases as the material begins to set (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of dental stone is referred to as hydrocal?

<p>Type III dental stone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does temperature have on the flow properties of waxes as they approach their melting point?

<p>Waxes become less viscous as temperature increases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic behavior of many waxes under applied shear or pressure?

<p>They exhibit non-Newtonian behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly reflects the properties of waxes when manipulated?

<p>Waxes show little flow at room temperature but considerable flow when preparing a wax pattern. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of waxes is classified as synthetic?

<p>Polyethylene wax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can influence the flow of wax during manipulation?

<p>Applied force can cause changes in wax flow properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property makes waxes suitable for dental applications?

<p>Low compressive strength and flexibility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of the melting behavior of waxes?

<p>Waxes exhibit a melting range rather than a single melting point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between residual stress in wax and the manipulation it undergoes?

<p>Residual stress can be released as temperature increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mechanical Bonding

Bonding using interlocking of rough surfaces. One material's rough surface fills the spaces of the other, creating a mechanical grip.

Chemical Bonding

Bonding using chemical reactions that create a true chemical bond between two materials.

Acid Etching

Treatment of a surface with acid, like phosphoric acid, to remove the smear layer.

Smear Layer Removal

Process of removing impurities and debris to expose a clean surface for bonding.

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Etch & Rinse Bonding

Bonding process using an acid etch step followed by rinsing, then a primer, and then a bonding agent.

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Self-Etch Bonding

Bonding process that includes the acid etching, primer, and adhesive in one or two steps.

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Universal Adhesive

Versatile bonding agent used for various dental materials.

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Bonding Agents

Materials that form a strong chemical bond between surfaces

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Noble Metal Classification

Metals with high corrosion resistance, often used in dental alloys.

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High Noble Alloy

Dental alloys containing over 60% noble metals and at least 40% gold.

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Noble Metal Content

Percentage of noble metals in an alloy.

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Predominantly Base Metal Alloy

Dental alloys with less than 25% noble metals.

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Melting Range

Temperature range over which a metal or alloy changes from solid to liquid, or vice versa.

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Liquidus

The highest temperature in a metal alloy's melting range where the complete melting of the alloy occurs.

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Solidus

Lower limit of melting range; temperature where all of the alloy is completely solid.

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Alloy Properties

Properties of an alloy like strength, density, melting range, modulus, and hardness, affect its performance in dental applications.

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Titanium Alloy Properties

Titanium alloys like cp-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V differ in their density, shrinkage during solidification, and strength. Cp-Ti has lower shrinkage and higher density than Ti-6Al-4V.

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cp-Ti composition

Composed primarily of titanium (approximately 99%), with oxygen content influencing its grade (e.g., grade 1 lower oxygen than grade 4).

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Ti-6Al-4V composition

A titanium alloy with 90% titanium, 6% aluminum, and 4% vanadium. It is a strong alloy.

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Titanium biocompatibility

Titanium's biocompatibility stems from its spontaneous oxide layer formation, which inhibits corrosion and low-charge transfer, promoting osteointegration.

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Dental Cement Types

Dental cements are categorized as luting agents (permanent/temporary bonding), restorative materials, or liners/bases. They include water-based (glass ionomer), oil-based (zinc oxide eugenol), and resin-based (resin modified glass ionomer).

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Cement Use in Dentistry

Dental cements serve to bond restorations in place. High strength cements like glass ionomers support restorations better, whereas low strength ones like liners provide a protective layer.

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Cement Strength Comparison

Dental bases are generally stronger than dental cements. This is important for providing mechanical support and thermal protection for the pulp.

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Alloy Density Impact

Higher density alloys are easier to cast, despite higher cost. Density affects casting precision (lower dimensional change).

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Tear Strength

A material's ability to resist ripping or tearing when stretched, particularly in thin sections.

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Working Time

The amount of time you have to manipulate and work with a dental material before it starts to set.

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Setting Time

The duration required for a dental material to solidify and cure.

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Dimensional Stability

The ability of a material to maintain its original size and shape over time.

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Hydrophilic Surface

A surface that attracts water, making it wettable and allowing for better bonding.

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Hydrophobic Surface

A surface that repels water, making it difficult to bond.

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Strain Rate

The speed at which a force is applied to a material.

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Strain Rate Dependence

The mechanical response of dental materials is influenced by how quickly the force is applied.

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All-Ceramic Restorations

Dental crowns made entirely of ceramic material, offering superior aesthetics and a natural look. They are either glass-dominated or crystalline, depending on the desired strength and translucency.

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All-Ceramic vs. Ceramic-Alloy

All-ceramic restorations are aesthetically superior but can be more brittle and require greater thickness for strength compared to ceramic-alloy restorations. They also have a higher hardness but lack overall clinical evidence for longevity.

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Impression Materials: Types

Impression materials are used to create a negative mold of teeth for dental restorations. The two main types are hydrocolloids (alginates) and elastomeric (addition silicones and polyethers).

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Alginate Hydrocolloids

This type of impression material is made of a dissolving solid (solute) dispersed in water (solvent). It's a hydrophilic polymer that can exist as a jelly-like gel or a viscous liquid (sol) based on water content.

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Elastomeric Impression Materials

These materials, including silicones and polyethers, are known as silicone rubbers. They are flexible cross-linked polymers that offer greater accuracy, dimensional stability, and tear strength than alginates.

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Addition Silicones

A type of elastomeric impression material supplied as two pastes (base and catalyst). They have a high level of accuracy, minimal dimensional change, and good elastic recovery. Available in different viscosities (low, medium, high).

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Polyether Impression Materials

Similar to addition silicones, these materials offer good hydrophilicity. However, they have limited dimensional stability over time and can be prone to absorbing water. They are used with a base and catalyst system, and can benefit from motorized mixers.

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Digital Impressions

Modern technology allows for digital impressions using scanners that capture the teeth shape and size electronically. These digital impressions are then sent to a milling machine for creating the restoration.

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Alginate Hardness

The hardness of alginate decreases as the degree of its contact with a harder material, like gypsum, increases. This means the impression material becomes softer near the gypsum model.

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Wet vs. Dry Alginate

Alginate is harder when dry compared to when it's wet. Dry alginate has less water content, leading to increased stiffness.

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Dental Wax Properties

Dental waxes have a range of properties like melting range, flow, residual stress, and thermal expansion. These properties influence how they behave during procedures and their suitability for different applications.

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Dental Wax Flow

Flow refers to the change in shape a wax undergoes when subjected to an applied force. Dental waxes should be easily manipulated at working temperature but maintain their shape well at room temperature.

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Dental Wax Melting Range

Waxes don't melt at a single temperature. They have a melting range because of their varying composition. This means they transition gradually from solid to liquid over a temperature range.

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Dental Wax Residual Stress

Residual stress in wax is caused by manipulation during heating, cooling, carving, and molding. This stress can be released as the wax is heated, allowing the molecules to move more freely.

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Factors Influencing Wax Flow

Wax flow is affected by temperature, time, and applied force. Higher temperature, longer time, and greater force all increase the flow of a wax.

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Silicone and Gypsum Reproduction

The reproduction of detail when using silicone impression material (non-water-based) and gypsum models is limited compared to the excellent reproduction achieved by water-based alginate and gypsum.

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Study Notes

General Guidelines

  • Review all lectures, both online and in-person.
  • Exams are cumulative.
  • Consult guidelines for midterms.
  • Refer to the textbook pages listed in the syllabus.
  • Review the "Self-Test Questions" at the end of each chapter.

Adhesion and Bonding

  • Understand mechanical and chemical bonds used in dentistry.
  • Mechanical interlocking results from rough surface interlocks.
  • Chemical adhesion involves chemical reactions.
  • These methods can be used simultaneously.
  • Acid etching removes or modifies the smear layer.
  • 37% phosphoric acid, EDTA, 10-MDP, 4-META, and phenyl-P are used.
  • Primers include HEMA and 4-META.
  • Common bonding agents include Bis-GMA, UDMA, and TEGDMA.
  • Understand different bonding strategies, such as etch-and-rinse, self-etch, and universal.
  • Note the number of steps and materials in each strategy.

Challenges of Bonding to Dentin

  • Retention is critical for long-term success.
  • Leaks, bacteria, caries, and inflammation can occur without adequate retention.
  • Biomaterial degradation, proper technique, and equipment calibration are essential for enduring results.
  • Water and organic components lower surface energy of dentin.
  • Dry collagen collapse can hinder resin infiltration.
  • High dentin tubule density makes bonding harder.
  • Disinfect before bonding with chlorohexidine or gluma.

Metals - Amalgam

  • Amalgam is a composite of silver alloy, mercury, and trace amounts of zinc and palladium.
  • Amalgamation involves elements dissolving into mercury.
  • Gamma 1 and 2 phases are crucial for amalgam's strength and resistance to corrosion.
  • High-copper amalgams have better properties than low-copper amalgams.
  • Silver, tin, and copper compositions affect the properties of the amalgam.
  • High-copper alloys offer higher strength, reduced corrosion, and better longevity.
  • Low-copper alloys are prone to expansion over time.
  • Shape influences properties; spherical shape generally gives better properties.

Ceramics and Properties

  • Identify ceramic composition and phases (crystal and glass).
  • Some ceramic types are better for appearance (ex: glassy ceramics).
  • Crystalline ceramics are sturdier than glassy ones.
  • Factors like strength, melting range, and density help categorize ceramics.
  • Understand different manufacturing methods like stacking, pressing, milling, and slip casting.
  • Mechanical and thermal properties of ceramics are essential for applications.
  • CTE (Coefficient of thermal expansion) discrepancies between materials are important.
  • Proper CTE matching leads to prevent failure.

Dental Ceramics and Restorations

  • Ceramics are biocompatible.
  • Ceramics are used in porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) and all-ceramic restorations.
  • PFM restorations mask the metal color with porcelain.
  • Some ceramic restorations require more complex cementation due to high hardness.
  • Refer to pages 213-192 for further reading.

Impression Materials

  • Understanding Hydrocolloids and Elastomers
  • Differentiate types of impression materials (alginates and elastomers), and their features.
  • Alginate: a dissolving solid dispersed in water (gel/sol), easily mixed, inexpensive.
  • Elastomers such as silicones and polyethers: flexible, cross-linked polymers; higher accuracy, better detail and dimensional stability.
  • Understand the setting reactions for materials.

Cements

  • Describe the types of cements (e.g., glass ionomer, resin modified glass ionomer, zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE)).
  • Note main properties, compositions, differences, and applications (lining, luting, restorative material)
  • Refer to pages 138-149 for full details.

Dental Stones

  • Identify different stone phases (dihydrate, hemihydrate).
  • Understand the effects of accelerators and retarders on setting time.
  • Water-powder ratio (W/P) effects on mechanical properties.
  • Refer to pages 98-113 for further reading.

Dental Waxes

  • Different types of waxes (natural and synthetic).
  • Properties like flow and temperature affect wax behavior.
  • Understand the use cases for different wax types (e.g., pattern waxes and processing waxes).

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