Dentistry Adhesion and Bonding Quiz

General Guidelines

• Review all lecture content (online and live).
• Midterm exam is cumulative.
• Consult previous guidelines for the exam.
• Read the recommended book chapters from the syllabus.
• Complete the "Self-Test Questions" at the end of each book chapter.

Adhesion and Bonding

• Understand the different types of bonds used in dentistry (mechanical and chemical).

• Mechanical interlocking uses surface roughness to create a bond.

• Chemical bonding (true adhesion) uses chemical reactions between materials.

• Both mechanical and chemical bonding can be used together.

• Acid etching prepares the surface for bonding.

• 37% phosphoric acid and EDTA are used to remove the smear layer without demineralizing the dentin layer.

• Functional monomers (e.g., 10-MDP, 4-META, phenyl-P) are used in self-etching systems.

• Identify compounds used for bonding agents, primers, and resin composites (e.g., HEMA, 4-META, Bis-GMA, UDMA, TEGDMA).

• Understand differences between bonding strategies (etch and rinse, self-etch, and universal), and the number of steps/bottles.

Bonding to Dentin

• Challenges of bonding include retention, sensitivity, failure, staining, secondary caries, and inflammation.
• Degradation of biomaterials, technical preparation, and material handling affect bonding.
• Water reduces surface energy in dentin, expansion of the collagen structure, and obstructs resin infiltration.

Metals - Amalgam

• Amalgam is a mixture of silver alloy and mercury.
• Small quantities of zinc and palladium can be included.
• Amalgamation is the reaction between copper, silver, and tin, dissolving into mercury.
• Identify gamma phases (1, 2) in amalgamation.

Differences between high copper and low copper amalgams

• High copper amalgams have higher strength, less corrosion, reduced creep, and better longevity, but cause long-term expansion due to moisture.
• Low copper amalgams are being replaced by high copper, which is stronger and doesn't expand as much.

Differences in Silver Alloy Shapes

• Irregular and spherical shapes have different properties (irregular having stronger compressive strength).

Ceramics

• Identify the composition, phases (crystal and glass), of dental ceramics.
• Glass-dominated ceramics are used primarily for esthetics.
• Crystalline-dominated ceramics have higher strength but may not be as translucent.
• Crystal base materials of ceramics include leucite, fluorapatite, spinel, zirconia, alumina, lithium disilicate, and lithium silicate.

Ceramic Manufacturing

• Identify the different manufacturing methods for ceramics (stacking, pressing, milling, additive manufacturing, and slip casting).

Ceramic Properties

• Understand different properties of ceramics (mechanical, thermal).
• Ceramics have high compressive strength and moduli, but low tensile strengths and elongation.
• Hardness of most glassy or glass-dominated ceramics is substantially higher than enamel.
• Understand the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) differences in debonding.

Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM)

• Ceramics in restorations include all-ceramic crowns, porcelain fused to gold or metal crowns.

Cements

• Identify different types of cements (composition, reaction, main properties) in dentistry (GIC, RMGI, ZOE, Calcium hydroxide).
• Types of cements (type I luting, type II for restorative, type III for liners or bases).
• Different applications of cements (restorations, temporary fillings, base, pulp-capping agents).

Impression Materials

• Types of Impression materials (alginates, elastomeric).
• Understand chemical reaction for alginates.
• Working time, setting time for impression materials.

Dental Stones

• Identify different types of dental stones (differences):

• Impression plaster (type I), Dental plaster (type II), Dental stone (type III), High strength/low expansion dental stone (type IV), and High strength/high-expansion dental stone (type V).

• Understand and identify the different stone phases: dihydrate, hemihydrate).

• Identifying different crystal shapes, forms, and porosity (plaster > dental stone > die stone).

• Understand the effect of accelerators and retarders (accelerators increase setting time, retarders decrease it).

• Properties of stones (water-powder ratio, hygroscopic, working-setting time, and dimensional accuracy).

• Considerations for gypsum materials like set time increase or decrease, porosity and strength, etc,

Dental Waxes (natural/synthetic) (different types)

Understand their application (inlay waxes, casting waxes, base plate waxes) (processing waxes - boxing, beading, utility, sticky) (flow properties - effect of temperature, force, time, residual stress, thermal expansion).

• Understand dental waxes - different types(natural & synthetic), effect of temperature on their flow properties (melting point, viscosity), and significance of time and force on flow properties (e.g., resistance to flow during processing).