tissue 4

Dense regular connective tissue consists of bundles of collagen fibers in a regular, orderly, and parallel arrangement, conferring great strength and resistance to stretching in one direction. Examples include ligaments and tendons.

Dense irregular elastic tissues contain both elastin and collagen fibers and are found in arterial walls.

Elastic connective tissue consists of elastic fibers and fibroblasts, is strong, and can recoil back to its original shape after being stretched. Examples include lung tissue and elastic arteries.

Hyaline cartilage is composed of short and dispersed collagen fibers embedded in a gel-type matrix. It provides flexibility, support, reduces friction, and absorbs shock. Examples of hyaline cartilage include the nose, ribcage, and the end of bones.

Spongy bone consists of trabeculae and is lighter than compact bone. It is found in the interior of some bones and at the ends of long bones. Its function is to provide structural support.

Blood consists of a liquid matrix called plasma and formed elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Its functions include transporting nutrients, wastes, salts, and respiratory gases, as well as blood clotting and immune responses.

Cartilage growth is accomplished by interstitial (endogenous) growth and appositional (exogenous) growth. The cells responsible for cartilage maintenance and repair are called chondrocytes.

Fibrocartilage contains bundles of collagen fibers in its matrix, making it the strongest type of cartilage. It provides compressibility and can absorb pressure, and examples of fibrocartilage include the menisci in the knee joint and intervertebral discs.

Compact bone consists of a rigid extracellular matrix with collagen fibers embedded within the mineralized ground substance that contains calcium phosphate. Its function is to provide greater structural strength throughout the body.

Lymph drains into blood vessels to deliver molecules that cannot directly enter the bloodstream. It also transports fats absorbed in the intestine to deliver them to the blood. Additionally, specialized capillaries in the lymph system allow large molecules and excess fluids to enter, serving as a key part of the immune system.

Elastic cartilage contains a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix as well as collagen fibers. It provides strength, elasticity, and maintains the shape of certain organs, such as the external ear and ear lobe.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Arterial walls

Elastic Connective Tissue

Fibrocartilage

Osteon or Haversian system

Hyaline cartilage

Phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions

Elastic cartilage

In the interior of some bones

Hyaline cartilage

Function in blood clotting

True

True

False

False

False

False

True

False

False

False

True

gallbladder

heart

cell

system

stratified keratinized squamous membranes on top of connective tissues; protects the body from pathogens and the external world.

lines cavities that open to the exterior, such as the gastrointestinal tract; consists of an epithelial layer with exocrine glands that secrete mucus and a connective tissue layer called the lamina propria that supports the epithelial layer.

lines body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior and covers the organs within the cavity; consists of parietal and visceral portions; secretes a lubricating serous fluid that reduces friction between organs and the walls of the cavities; forms double sheets of mesenteries that suspend the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity; derived from mesoderm and is a simple squamous layer.

lines joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths; consists only of connective tissue; secretes a lubricating synovial fluid to reduce friction between movable joints and constantly exchanges water and nutrients with blood.

redness (erythema), swelling, local heat, pain; possible fifth sign could be loss of some organ or tissue function. Histamine and other inflammatory mediators cause increased blood flow to the injured tissue through vasodilation, resulting in redness and local hyperthermia. Inflammatory mediators also cause the endothelium of local blood vessels to become leaky, allowing neutrophils, macrophages, and fluid to move from blood to interstitial tissue space, causing local edema or interstitial swelling; swollen tissues squeeze pain receptors, causing pain. Acute inflammation resolves itself, but chronic inflammation can persist and lead to disease states.

Cancerous cells form tumors that take blood supply away from normal healthy cells and organs. Cancerous mutations affect key proteins involved in controlling and regulating cell division, leading to abnormal cell division and accumulation of affected cells that are not capable of forming regular tissue.

Skeletal Muscle Tissue = Attached to bones, Striated, Voluntary, Provides motion, maintenance of posture, and heat production Cardiac Muscle Tissue = Forms most of the heart wall, Striated, Usually involuntary, Provides motion for the heart Smooth (Visceral) Muscle Tissue = Found in the walls of hollow internal structures, Nonstriated, Usually involuntary, Provides motion for various internal structures

Neurons (nerve cells) = Sensitive to stimuli, convert stimuli into nerve impulses, and conduct nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands Neuroglia (protective and supporting cells) = Protect and support neurons, and are often the sites of tumors of the nervous system

Cell body = Contains the nucleus and mitochondria Dendrites = Receive electrical impulses and pass them to the cell body Axons = Relay the impulse to another excitable cell

Skeletal Muscle Tissue = Attached to bones Cardiac Muscle Tissue = Forms most of the heart wall Smooth (Visceral) Muscle Tissue = Found in the walls of hollow internal structures

Cutaneous membrane (skin) = Protects the body from pathogens and the external world Mucous membrane (mucosae) = Lines cavities that open to the exterior, such as the gastrointestinal tract Serous membrane (serosa) = Lines body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior and covers the organs within the cavity Synovial membrane = Lines joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths

Redness (erythema) = Sign of inflammation caused by increased blood flow to the injured tissue through vasodilation Swelling = Sign of inflammation caused by the movement of neutrophils, macrophages, and fluid from blood to interstitial tissue space Local heat = Sign of inflammation caused by increased blood flow to the injured tissue through vasodilation Pain = Sign of inflammation caused by swollen tissues squeezing pain receptors

Neurons (nerve cells) = Sensitive to stimuli, convert stimuli into nerve impulses, and conduct nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands Neuroglia (protective and supporting cells) = Protect and support neurons, and are often the sites of tumors of the nervous system Location of Nervous Tissue = Throughout the body, concentrated in the brain and spinal cord Function of Nervous Tissue = Mediates perception and response

Cancerous cells form tumors = Take blood supply away from normal healthy cells and organs Mutated cells can become cancerous if they escape regulation signals = Undergo uncontrolled cell growth, penetration into adjacent tissues, local blood vessel proliferation, and spread to other tissues or organs Acute inflammation resolves itself = But chronic inflammation can persist and lead to disease states Nature of Cancer = Arises from cells that have acquired a genetic abnormality or mutation