Biology Chapter 4: Tissue Types Flashcards

Lines cavities and covers surfaces.
Characteristics include closely packed cells, continuous layers, an apical surface, avascularity, a nerve supply, and rapid renewal through mitosis.
Functions include protection, filtration, lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, transportation, excretion, sensory reception, and reproduction.
Classified by layers: Simple (one layer), Stratified (more than one layer), and Pseudostratified (appears multi-layered).
Cellular shapes include Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (elongated), and Transitional (stretchable).

Specialized to produce and secrete substances.
Two types of glands: Exocrine (secrete through ducts, e.g., sweat glands) and Endocrine (secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, e.g., pituitary gland).
Glands can be unicellular (e.g., goblet cells) or multicellular (e.g., salivary glands).
Functional classifications include Holocrine (release upon cell death), Merocrine (discharge as produced), and Apocrine (release by pinching off).

Functions include supporting/protecting organs, binding structures together, storing energy reserves, and providing immunity.
Composed of cells, ground substance, and fibers (matrix).
Matrix can be liquid (blood), solid (bone), or gel-like (cartilage).
Characteristics include a lack of direct cell contact, no apical surface, a nerve supply, and high vascularity.

Classifications include Embryonic connective tissue (Mesenchyme and Mucus) and Mature connective tissue (Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Blood).
Loose connective tissue includes Areolar, Adipose, and Reticular types.
Dense connective tissue categorized into Dense Regular (e.g., tendons) and Dense Irregular (e.g., fascia).
Cartilage types include Hyaline (ends of bones), Fibrocartilage (strong, e.g., intervertebral discs), and Elastic (e.g., ears).

Three types: Skeletal (voluntary, striated, multinucleated), Cardiac (involuntary, striated, central nucleus), and Smooth (involuntary, non-striated).
Skeletal muscle fibers are long and cylindrical with nuclei located at the side.
Cardiac muscle cells are connected end to end by intercalated discs and are autorhythmic.
Smooth muscle cells have a central nucleus and contract as a unit.

Composed of neurons (convert stimuli into nerve impulses) and neuroglial cells (supportive cells).
Neuroglia function includes producing neurotransmitters, maintaining ion balance, and generating cerebrospinal fluid.

Comprises the Epidermis (outer layer, stratified squamous), Dermis (connective tissue), and Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis, fatty tissue).
Epidermis features layers: Stratum Corneum (dead and keratinized), Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin), Stratum Granulosum (dying cells), Stratum Spinosum (9-10 cells thick), and Stratum Basale (stem cells).

Regulates temperature through blood flow changes, sweating, and muscle contractions (goosebumps).
Protects against water loss, UV light, and pathogens.
Functions include sensation, excretion, immunity, and vitamin D synthesis.
Coloration is determined by carotene, melanin, and hemoglobin levels.