Biology Chapter 4: Tissue Organization

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Questions and Answers

What are the four basic types of tissue?

Neural (correct)

Connective (correct)

Epithelial (correct)

Muscle (correct)

What is epithelial tissue?

Protective covering of surfaces consisting almost entirely of cells with very little extracellular matrix.

What is histology?

Microscopic study of tissues.

The four types of cell junctions are ___, _, _, and ___

tight junctions, adherens junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is a tight junction?

Lipid portions of two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of occluding junctions?

Isolate the contents of the lumen from basolateral surfaces of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes __________ junctions?

Interlocking channel proteins (connexons). Signup and view all the answers

What is the macula adherens or desmosome?

A dense area of a cell that is connected to the cytoskeleton, providing strength. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of macula adherens?

Spot desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major functions of epithelial tissue? (Select all that apply)

Physical protection Signup and view all the answers

What are the major characteristics of epithelial tissue? (Select all that apply)

Cellularity Signup and view all the answers

What does cellularity refer to?

Epithelia are almost entirely made up of cells bound closely together by interconnections called cell junctions. Signup and view all the answers

What does avascularity mean?

Lacking blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is attachment in relation to epithelial tissue?

The base of an epithelium is bound to a thin basal lamina or basement membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What does regeneration refer to in epithelial tissue?

Epithelial cells that are damaged or lost are continuously replaced through the divisions of stem cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of epithelial tissue? (Select all that apply)

Provide sensation Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of epithelium?

Covering and lining epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What are the seven types of covering and lining epithelium? (Select all that apply)

Simple Columnar Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of simple squamous cells?

Single layer, flat, scalelike. Signup and view all the answers

Where are simple squamous cells typically found?

Lines air sacs of lungs, inner lining of heart and blood vessels, serous membranes, inner ear drum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of simple cuboidal cells?

Single layer, cube-shaped. Signup and view all the answers

Where are simple cuboidal cells typically found?

Lines surface of ovary, kidney tubules, kidney, thyroid, mammary glands, salivary glands. Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of simple columnar cells?

Single layer, rectangular. Signup and view all the answers

Where are simple columnar cells typically found?

Lines gastrointestinal tract from stomach to anus, uterus, uterine tubes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of stratified squamous cells?

Several layers, flat scalelike. Signup and view all the answers

Where are stratified squamous cells found?

Epidermis of skin (keratinized), lining of mouth, tongue, throat, larynx, esophagus, canal vagina (nonkeratinized). Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of stratified columnar cells?

Several layers, cube-shaped. Signup and view all the answers

Where are stratified columnar cells found?

Male urethra, mammary gland duct. Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of transitional cells?

Stratified cells with variable appearance. Signup and view all the answers

Where are transitional cells found?

Lines urinary bladder, ureters. Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of pseudostratified columnar cells?

Attached to basement membrane, but not all reach the surface; almost always ciliated and associated with goblet cells. Signup and view all the answers

Where are pseudostratified columnar cells found?

Lining upper respiratory tract, portions of male urethra. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glandular epithelium?

Produces specialized secretions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of glandular epithelium?

Exocrine glands and endocrine glands. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of exocrine glands?

Discharge secretions onto body surfaces or into ducts. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of glandular secretions? (Select all that apply)

Serous glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of serous glands?

Secrete thin fluids, such as perspiration, tears, milk, and digestive juices. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mucous glands?

Secrete mucin (glycoprotein). Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mixed glands?

Secrete serous fluid and mucous. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytogenic glands?

Release whole cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three methods of secretion? (Select all that apply)

Holocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of merocrine glands?

Product released through exocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of apocrine glands?

Product released through the loss of both the secretory product and cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of holocrine glands?

Product released through destruction of cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of endocrine glands?

Discharge secretions (hormones) into surrounding interstitial fluid; lack ducts. Signup and view all the answers

What is connective tissue?

Most abundant tissue that makes up part of every organ; cells are separated by extracellular matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major functions of connective tissue?

Structural support, transportation, protection of delicate organs, energy storage, immune protection. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major characteristics of connective tissue? (Select all that apply)

Extensive extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major components of connective tissue?

Cells Signup and view all the answers

What are connective cells responsible for?

Specialized to produce extracellular matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of connective tissue cells? (Select all that apply)

Chondrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What do fibroblasts do?

Secrete fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What are chondrocytes?

Cartilage cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are adipocytes?

Fat cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are osteocytes?

Bone cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are macrophages?

Phagocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the extracellular matrix made up of?

Fibers and ground substance. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of extracellular fibers? (Select all that apply)

Reticular fibers Signup and view all the answers

What are collagen fibers?

Strong and flexible - resist stretching. Signup and view all the answers

What are reticular fibers?

Thin collagen fibers, covered with glycoprotein. Signup and view all the answers

What are elastic fibers?

Resist forces applied in many directions and allow tissues to spring back after being stretched. Signup and view all the answers

What is ground substance?

Clear viscous fluid that fills space between cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of ground substances? (Select all that apply)

Proteoglycan Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosaminoglycan (GAG)?

Negatively charged polysaccharides that absorb and hold water. Signup and view all the answers

What is a proteoglycan?

Polysaccharide and protein that traps large quantities of water. Signup and view all the answers

What do adhesive glycoproteins do?

Bind plasma membrane to collagen and proteoglycans outside the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two classifications of connective tissue?

Adult connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is embryonic connective tissue?

Mesenchyme - made of fibers in a semifluid matrix with delicate collagenous fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What are the five types of adult connective tissue? (Select all that apply)

Loose Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of loose tissue?

Much of the space is occupied by ground substance; fill spaces between organs; cushion; support epithelia. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of loose tissue? (Select all that apply)

Areolar Signup and view all the answers

What is areolar loose tissue?

(fib, mst, mac) (col, els, ret) - skin (subcutaneous layer, dermis); forms lamina propria of mucous membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is adipose loose tissue?

(adp) (ret) - skin (subcutaneous layer); around heart and kidneys. Signup and view all the answers

What is reticular loose tissue?

(fib) (ret) - liver; spleen; lymph nodes; thymus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of dense tissue?

Regular Signup and view all the answers

What is regular dense tissue?

(fib) (col) - fibers oriented in one direction; white appearance; tendons and ligaments. Signup and view all the answers

What is irregular dense tissue?

(fib) (col, els) - fibers arranged randomly; skin (dermis), around liver, kidney, spleen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cartilage tissue?

Supporting connective tissue; support and flexibility. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of cartilage?

Cartilage cells in a matrix rich in chondroitin sulfate. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of cartilage? (Select all that apply)

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is hyaline cartilage?

(chondrocyte) col-fine fibers - ends of long bone, nose. Signup and view all the answers

What is fibrocartilage?

(chondrocyte) (collagen) intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is elastic cartilage?

(chondrocyte) (elastic) - external ear, epiglottis of larynx. Signup and view all the answers

What is bone tissue?

Supporting connective tissue composed of living cells in a mineralized matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Compact Signup and view all the answers

What is compact bone made up of?

Lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central canals. Signup and view all the answers

What are lamellae?

Concentric rings on bone matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What are lacunae?

Spaces that house bone cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are canaliculi?

Microscopic channels that lead from bone cell to central canal. Signup and view all the answers

What are central canals?

Contains blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is spongy bone made up of?

Bony plates and red bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What are bony plates?

Bone fragments with spaces between the plates. Signup and view all the answers

What is red bone marrow?

Site of blood cell synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is blood tissue?

Fluid connective tissue; matrix between cells is liquid. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of blood tissue?

Formed Elements Signup and view all the answers

What are formed elements?

RBC (transport gases), WBC (defense against foreign substances), platelets (blood clotting). Signup and view all the answers

What is plasma?

Water, nutrients, ions, hormones, gases, plasma proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Contracts and shortens with force; responsible for movement, heat production, posture. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major classifications of muscle tissue? (Select all that apply)

Skeletal Signup and view all the answers

What is skeletal muscle?

Multinucleate, striated, voluntary. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Four Basic Types of Tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Neural are the four fundamental types of tissue in the body.

Epithelial Tissue

Acts as a protective covering for surfaces and is primarily composed of tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
Cell junctions in epithelial tissue ensure cell adherence and integrity.

Histology

The microscopic study of tissues, allowing for the examination of cellular structures and organization.

Cell Junctions

There are four primary types of cell junctions: tight junctions, adherens junctions (desmosomes), gap junctions, and hemidesmosomes.

Occluding or Tight Junctions

Formed by interlocking membrane proteins that bind the lipid portions of adjacent plasma membranes, preventing passage between cells.
Function to isolate the lumen's contents from the cell's basolateral surfaces.

Gap Junctions

Consist of interlocking channel proteins (connexons) that create narrow passageways for the movement of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.

Macula Adherens (Desmosomes)

Connect the cell cytoskeleton, providing mechanical strength and stability.

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Offers physical protection, controls permeability, functions in sensation, absorption, and produces specialized secretions.

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

Notable for high cellularity, avascularity (lack of blood vessels), attachment to the basal lamina, and regeneration capacity.

Types of Epithelium

Covering and Lining Epithelium, Glandular Epithelium.

Types of Covering and Lining Epithelium

Includes simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified columnar, transitional, and pseudostratified columnar.

Cell Shapes and Locations

Simple Squamous: Flat, found in lungs, heart, and blood vessel linings.
Simple Cuboidal: Cube-shaped, located in kidney tubules, thyroid, and glands.
Simple Columnar: Rectangular, seen lining the gastrointestinal tract.
Stratified Squamous: Layers of flat cells, present in the skin and oral cavity.
Stratified Columnar: Several layer cubes, found in male urethra and mammary ducts.
Transitional: Variable shape, located in urinary bladder and ureters.
Pseudostratified Columnar: Appears layered, ciliated, found in respiratory tract.

Glandular Epithelium Functions

Responsible for producing specialized secretions through exocrine and endocrine glands.

Types of Glandular Secretions

Serous (thin fluids), mucous (mucin secretion), and unique secretion modes in gland types including merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.

Connective Tissue

Most abundant tissue type, provides structural support, transport, and protection for organs. Composed of specialized cells in an extensive extracellular matrix.

Major Functions of Connective Tissue

Includes structural support, transport of substances, protection of organs, energy storage, and immune function.

Types of Connective Tissue Cells

Includes fibroblasts (fiber production), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), macrophages (defense), adipocytes (fat cells), and osteocytes (bone cells).

Extracellular Matrix Components

Comprised of fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) and ground substance (gelatinous material occupying space between cells).

Classes of Connective Tissue

Classified as embryonic (mesenchyme) and adult connective tissue, which includes loose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood.

Types of Connective Tissue

Loose Tissue: Includes areolar, adipose, and reticular types.
Dense Tissue: Comprised of regular and irregular forms.
Cartilage: Supports and allows flexibility; includes hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic types.
Bone Tissue: Made of living cells within a mineralized matrix.
Blood Tissue: Fluid matrix for transportation and protection.

Muscle Tissue

Responsible for contraction and movement, classified into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle types.

Skeletal Muscle

Multinucleate, striated, and voluntary, facilitating movement through attachment to bones.

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Description

Explore the four basic types of tissue with this quiz based on Chapter 4 of Biology. Learn about epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissues, as well as the concept of histology. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of tissue organization.